Scholarly Publications - NANOTAM

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11693/115670

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Open Access
Defect structures in a layer-by-layer photonic band-gap crystal
(American Physical Society, 1995) Özbay, Ekmel; Tuttle, G.; Sigalas, M.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Ho, K. M.
We have experimentally and theoretically investigated defect structures that are incorporated into a three-dimensional layer-by-layer photonic band-gap crystal. The defects are formed by either adding or removing dielectric material to or from the crystal. For both cases, we observed localized modes with frequencies that lie within the forbidden band gap of the pure crystal. Relatively high peak transmission (10 dB below the incident signal), and high quality factors (2000) have been measured. These measurements were in good agreement with theoretical simulations. Theoretical calculations also predict very high (Q>106) quality factors for certain cavity structures. © 1995 The American Physical Society.
Open Access
Optimized dipole antennas on photonic band gap crystals
(American Institute of Physics, 1995) Cheng, S. D.; Biswas, R.; Özbay, Ekmel; McCalmont, S.; Tuttle, G.; Ho, K.-M.
Photonic band gap crystals have been used as a perfectly reflecting substrate for planar dipole antennas in the 12-15 GHz regime. The position, orientation, and driving frequency of the dipole antenna on the photonic band gap crystal surface, have been optimized for antenna performance and directionality. Virtually no radiated power is lost to the photonic crystal resulting in gains and radiation efficiencies larger than antennas on other conventional dielectric substrates.© 1995 American Institute of Physics.
Open Access
Laser-micromachined millimeter-wave photonic band-gap cavity structures
(American Institute of Physics, 1995) Özbay, Ekmel; Tuttle, G.; McCalmont, J. S.; Sigalas, M.; Biswas, R.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Ho, K. M.
We have used laser-micromachined alumina substrates to build a three-dimensional photonic band-gap crystal. The rod-based structure has a three-dimensional full photonic band gap between 90 and 100 GHz. The high resistivity of alumina results in a typical attenuation rate of 15 dB per unit cell within the band gap. By removing material, we have built defects which can be used as millimeter-wave cavity structures. The resulting quality ~Q! factors of the millimeter-wave cavity structures were as high as 1000 with a peak transmission of 10 dB below the incident signal. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
Open Access
Reflection properties and defect formation in metallic photonic crystals
(IEEE, 1998-05) Özbay, Ekmel; Temelkuran, Burak; Sigalas, M.; Tuttle, G.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Ho, K. M.
The reflection properties of layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystals were investigated using metallic photonic crystals with simple-tetragonal (st) structure. The observed properties were used to predict defect formation in these crystals. The reflection and transmission amplitude characteristics were measured by a network analyzer and standard gain horn antennas. Transformation matrix method was employed for the theoretical simulations.
Open Access
High-speed >90% quantum-efficiency p-i-n photodiodes with a resonance wavelength adjustable in the 795-835 nm range
(A I P Publishing LLC, 1999-02-22) Özbay, Ekmel; Kimukin, İ.; Bıyıklı, Necmi; Aytür, O.; Gökkavas, M.; Ulu, G.; Ünlü, M. S.; Mirin, R. P.; Bertness, K. A.; Christensen, D. H.
We report GaAs/AlGaAs-based high-speed, high-efficiency, resonant cavity enhanced p-i-n photodiodes. The devices were fabricated by using a microwave-compatible fabrication process. By using a postprocess recess etch, we tuned the resonance wavelength from 835 to 795 nm while keeping the peak efficiencies above 90%. The maximum quantum efficiency was 92% at a resonance wavelength of 823 nm. The photodiode had an experimental setup-limited temporal response of 12 ps. When the system response is deconvolved, the 3 dB bandwidth corresponds to 50 GHz, which is in good agreement with our theoretical calculations.
Open Access
High-speed solar-blind AlGaN-based metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors
(Wiley, 2003) Bıyıklı, Necmi; Kimukin, İbrahim; Kartaloğlu, Tolga; Aytür, Orhan; Özbay, Ekmel
Solar-blind AlGaN metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors with fast pulse response have been demonstrated. The devices were fabricated on MOCVD-grown epitaxial Al0.38Ga0.62N layers, using a microwave compatible fabrication process. The photodiode samples exhibited low leakage with dark current densities below 1 × 10-6 A/cm 2 at 40 V reverse bias. Photoconductive gain-assisted photoresponse was observed with a peak responsivity of 1.26 A/W at 264 nm. A visible rejection of ∼3 orders of magnitude at 350 nm was demonstrated. Temporal high-speed measurements at 267 nm resulted in fast pulse responses with 3-dB bandwidths as high as 5.4 GHz. This corresponds to a record high-speed performance for solar-blind detectors. © 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Open Access
Physics and applications of defect structures in photonic crystals
(Springer, 2003) Özbay, Ekmel; Bayındır, Mehmet; Shumovsky, Alexander S.; Rupasov, V. I.
We propose and demonstrate a new type of propagation mechanism for electromagnetic waves in photonic band gap materials. Photons propagate through coupled cavities due to interaction between the highly localized neighboring cavity modes. We report a novel waveguide, which we called coupled-cavity waveguide (CCW), in three-dimensional photonic structures. By using CCWs, we demonstrate lossless and reflectionless waveguide bends, efficient power splitters, and photonic switches. We also experimentally observe the splitting of eigenmodes in coupled-cavities and formation of defect band due to interaction between the cavity modes. The tight-binding (TB) approach, which is originally develop for the electronic structures, is applied to the photonic structures, and compared to the experimental results. Our achievements open a new research area, namely physics and applications of coupled-cavities, in photonic structures. We think that our results are very important for constructing future all-optical components on a single chip.
Open Access
Electrically-reconfigurable integrated photonic switches
(IEEE, 2004) Fidaner, O.; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Sabnis V.A.; Harris Jr. J.S.; Miller, D.A.B.; Zheng J.-F.
We report remotely electrically reconfigurable photonic switches that intimately integrate waveguide electroabsorption modulators with surface-normal photodiodes, avoiding conventional electronics. These switches exhibit full C-band wavelength conversion at 5 Gb/s and are remotely reconfigurable within tens of nanoseconds.
Open Access
High-performance solar-blind AlGaN photodetectors
(IEEE, 2004) Özbay, Ekmel; Bıyıklı, Necmi; Kimukin, İbrahim; Tut, Turgut; Kartaloğlu, Tolga; Aytür, Orhan
High-performance aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based solar-blind (SB) photodetectors were demonstrated using different device structures. The Al x-Ga1-xN layers structure were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire structures. n+ and p+ ohmic contacts on GaN were formed with non-annealed titanium (Ti)/aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni)/ gold (Au) alloys. Spectral UV photoresponse measurements confirmed the solar-blind response of the devices.
Open Access
Physics and applications of photonic crystals
(Nanotechnology Research Center NANOTAM, 2004) Özbay, Ekmel; Bulu I.; Aydin, K.; Caglayan H.; Guven, K.
In this article, we investigate how the photonic band gaps and the variety of band dispersions of photonic crystals can be utilized for various applications and how they further give rise to completely novel optical phenomena. The enhancement of spontaneous emission through coupled cavity waveguides in a one-dimensional silicon nitride photonic microcrystal is investigated. We then present the highly directive radiation from sources embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The manifestation of novel and intriguing optical properties of photonic crystals are exemplified experimentally by the negative refraction and the focusing of electromagnetic waves through a photonic crystal slab with subwavelength resolution. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Effect of disorder on magnetic resonance band gap of split-ring resonator structures
(Optical Society of American (OSA), 2004) Aydın, K.; Güven, K.; Katsarakis, N.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Özbay, Ekmel
We investigated the influence of periodicity, misalignment, and disorder on the magnetic resonance gap of split-ring resonators (SRRs) which are essential components of left handed-metamaterials (LHMs). The resonance of a single SRR which is induced by the split is experimentally demonstrated by comparing transmission spectra of SRR and closed ring resonator. Misaligning the SRR boards do not affect the magnetic resonance gap, while destroying the periodicity results in a narrower band gap. The disorder in SRR layers cause narrower left-handed pass band and decrease the transmission level of composite metamaterials (CMMs), which may significantly affect the performance of these LHMs. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
Open Access
Scalable wavelength-converting crossbar switches
(IEEE, 2004-10) Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Sabnis, V. A.; Zheng, J. F.; Fidaner, O.; Harris, J. S.; Miller, D. A. B.
We report scalable low-power wavelength-converting Crossbar switches that monolithically integrate two-dimensional compact arrays of surface-normal photodiodes with quantum-well waveguide modulators. We demonstrate proof-of-concept, electrically reconfigurable 2 x 2 crossbars that perform unconstrained wavelength conversion across 35 nm in the C-band (1530-1565 nm), using only <4.3-mW absorbed input optical power, and with 10-dB extinction ratio at 1.25 Gb/s. Such wavelength-converting crossbars provide complete flexibility to selectively convert any of the input wavelengths to any of the output wavelengths at high data bit rates in telecommunication, with the input and output wavelengths being arbitrarily chosen within the C-band.
Open Access
Spectral negative refraction and focusing analysis of a two-dimensional left-handed photonic crystal lens
(American Physical Society, 2004-11) Güven, Kaan; Aydın, Koray; Alıcı, Kamil Boratay; Soukoulis, C. M.; Özbay, Ekmel
We report the spectral refraction analysis and focusing properties of a two-dimensional, dielectric photonic crystal (PC) slab in freespace. A transverse electric polarized upper band of the crystal is used. The measured refraction spectra indicates that a highly isotropic negative index of refraction is present in the measured frequency range of the band. We demonstrate experimentally and numerically the focusing of the field emitted from an omnidirectional source placed in front of the crystal. Both the source and the focus pattern are away from the PC interfaces of the order of several wavelengths. The focus pattern mimics the arbitrary lateral and longitudinal shifts of the source, which is a manifestation of true flat lens behavior.
Open Access
Experimental observasion of true left-handed transmission peaks in metamaterials
(Optical Society of America, 2004-11-15) Aydin, K.; Guven, K.; Kafesaki, M.; Zhang, L.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Özbay, Ekmel
We report true left-handed (LH) behavior in a composite metamaterial consisting of a periodically arranged split ring resonator (SRR) and wire structures. We demonstrate the magnetic resonance of the SRR structure by comparing the transmission spectra of SRRs with those of closed SRRs. We have confirmed experimentally that the effective plasma frequency of the LH material composed of SRRs and wires is lower than the plasma frequency of the wires. A well-defined LH transmission band with a peak value of -1.2 dB (-0.3 dB/cm) was obtained. The experimental results agree extremely well with the theoretical calculations. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.
Open Access
Experimental observation of true left-handed metamaterial
(IEEE, 2005) Aydın, Koray; Güven, Kaan; Özbay, Ekmel
We report a true left-handed (LH) behavior in composite metamaterials. The magnetic resonance of the SRR structure is demonstrated. Plasma frequency of the LH material is shown to be lower than that of the wires.
Open Access
Highly directive radiation and negative refraction using photonic crystals
(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005) Özbay, Ekmel; Bulu, I.; Aydin, K.; Caglayan H.; Alici, K. B.; Guven, K.
In this article, we present an experimental and numerical study of certain optical properties of two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals (PCs). By modifying the band structure of a two-dimensional photonic crystal through its crystal parameters, we show how it is possible to confine the angular distribution of radiation from an embedded omnidirectional source. We then demonstrate that the anomalous band dispersions of PCs give rise to completely novel optical phenomena, in particular, the negative refraction of electromagnetic waves at the interface of a PC. We investigate the spectral negative refraction, which utilizes a transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized upper band of a PC, in detail and show that a high degree of isotropy can be achieved for the corresponding effective index of refraction. The presence of nearly a isotropic negative refractive index leads to focusing of omnidirectional sources by a PC slab lens, which can surpass certain limitations of conventional (positive refractive) lenses. These examples indicate the potential of PCs for photonics applications utilizing the band structure.
Open Access
Coupling and phase analysis of cavity structures in two-dimensional photonic crystals
(American Physical Society, 2005) Guven, K.; Özbay, Ekmel
An experimental and numerical study of the coupling properties of cavity waveguides and the phase advancement through the coupled cavity waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals is presented. We find that the resonance frequency is insensitive to the confinement strength for cavity and for finite size defects. We obtain the coupling constant as a function of the distance between two cavities within the tight-binding formalism experimentally, and show the exponential decay of the coupling strength. By measuring the phase spectra of coupled cavity waveguides sCCW’sd, we clearly demonstrate that the phase shift across the guiding band is equal to Np, where N is the number of cavities in the waveguide. This essential behavior is employed to analyze the transmission response of CCW-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer structures introduced recently.
Open Access
Negative refraction and focusing of electromagnetic waves by metallodielectric photonic crystals
(American Physical Society, 2005) Bulu, I.; Caglayan, H.; Özbay, Ekmel
In this work, we have experimentally and theoretically studied negative refraction of electromagnetic waves by a metallodielectric photonic crystal. We showed that by adding a periodic dielectric perturbation to the unit cell of a metallic photonic crystal, it is possible to increase the range of incidence angles at which the electromagnetic waves are negatively refracted. We obtained negative refraction for large incidence angles by the use of a metallodielectric photonic crystal. Furthermore, as an application of the negative refraction effect, we demonstrated the focusing of electromagnetic waves by the use of a metallodielectric photonic crystal. We obtained focusing of electromagnetic waves away from the surface of the photonic crystal. The observed focusing points are found to be larger than one wavelength away from the photonic crystal interface.
Open Access
High-performance solar-blind AlGaN photodetectors
(SPIE, 2005) Özbay, Ekmel; Tut, Turgut; Bıyıklı, N.
Design, fabrication, and characterization of high-performance Al xGa1-xN-based photodetectors for solar-blind applications are reported. AlxGa1-xN heterostructures were designed for Schottky, p-i-n, and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiodes. The solar-blind photodiode samples were fabricated using a microwave compatible fabrication process. The resulting devices exhibited extremely low dark currents. Below 3 fA leakage currents at 6 V and 12 V reverse bias were measured on p-i-n and Schottky photodiode samples respectively. The excellent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics led to a detectivity performance of 4.9×1014 cmHz1/2W-1. The MSM devices exhibited photoconductive gain, while Schottky and p-i-n samples displayed 0.15 A/W and 0.11 A/W peak responsivity values at 267 nm and 261 nm respectively. All samples displayed true solar-blind response with cut-off wavelengths smaller than 280 nm. A visible rejection of 4×104 was achieved with Schottky detector samples. High speed measurements at 267 nm resulted in fast pulse responses with >GHz bandwidths. The fastest devices were MSM photodiodes with a maximum 3-dB bandwidth of 5.4 GHz.
Open Access
Observation of negative refraction and negative phase velocity in left-handed metamaterials
(American Institute of Physics, 2005) Aydin, K.; Guven, K.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Özbay, Ekmel
We report the transmission characteristics of a two-dimensional (2D) composite metamaterial (CMM) structure in free space. At the frequencies where left-handed transmission takes place, we experimentally confirmed that the CMM structure has effective negative refractive index. Phase shift between consecutive numbers of layers of CMM is measured and phase velocity is shown to be negative at the relevant frequency range. Refractive index values obtained from the refraction experiments and the phase measurements are in good agreement.