Noncontact atomic force microscopy for atomic-scale characterization of material surfaces

Among the large variety of scanning probe microscopy techniques, noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) stands out with its capability of atomic-resolution imaging and spectroscopy measurements on conducting, semiconducting as well as insulating sample surfaces. In this chapter, we review the fundamental experimental and instrumental methodology associated with the technique and present key results obtained on different classes of material surfaces. In addition to atomic-resolution imaging, the use of NC-AFM towards the goal of atomic-resolution force spectroscopy is emphasized.