Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11693/115676

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Object or cake? Selective processes in the human brain for the recently discovered specialized food area in the ventral visual stream
(2025-07) Doğan, Sümeyra Nur
The human ventral visual cortex shows category-selective organization to recognize and discriminate between ecologically important categories like faces, words, body parts, and places. The food image selective region in the ventral stream has been discovered by recent data-driven studies, which is called the ventral food stream. The overarching goal of this study is to investigate the ventral food stream by employing a novel object-food illusion: a hyper-realistic cake. In hyper-realistic cake videos, the initial object perception shifts to a perception of cake throughout the video. We conducted two different experiments. In Experiment 1, we collected behavioral data from 22 participants to validate the hyper-realistic cake videos. In Experiment 2, we first applied a functional localizer one-back task and employed validated object-food illusion videos with fMRI. Consistent with the recent findings of food selectivity, we identified the foodselective response in the ventral food stream by using a functional localizer task. During the video session, the ventral food stream exhibits a significant increase in activity when the object perception shifts to perception of a cake. Despite showing spatial variability between participants, there is a selective response to visual food cues in the fusiform cortex. This study shows the food-selective activity in the ventral visual cortex in response to illusory visual stimuli in a hypothesis-driven manner. Future studies should conduct functional connectivity analysis to investigate how activity in the ventral food stream is correlated with activity in the gustatory cortices.
Open Access
Mind between the lines: maternal epistemic language as a scaffolding tool for preschoolers’ false belief understanding
(2025-07) Arar, Nihal Yıldız Gökçe
This study aimed to investigate whether mothers’ epistemic talk differed by child characteristics (i.e., false belief understanding competence level, gender) and contextual features (i.e., story familiarity). A wordless picture book was narrated twice by 120 mothers to their preschool-aged children. Children were categorized as competent (FBU-Competent), in transition (FBU-Transition), or not competent (FBU-None) based on their performance on three first-order false belief tasks. Mothers’ epistemic language was coded for type of referent (mother-child or story character), type of utterance function (question or statement), and type of expression (cognitive, certainty, contrastive). Evidencing mothers’ sensitivity to their children’s socio-cognitive abilities, mothers of FBU-transition children were found to initiate more interactive discourse through the use of epistemic questions. As expected, the mothers’ epistemic language was found to be shaped by the interactive effects of child and contextual variables. Specifically, mothers of FBU-competent children used more epistemic statements with story character reference when the story was familiar. This effect was especially observed in contrastive language, regardless of utterance type. The mothers of FBU-None boys used more epistemic statements with mother-child referents compared to the mothers of FBU-transition boys. Finally, mothers of FBU-Transition girls used more certainty expressions with mother-child referents than mothers of FBU-Competent girls. Overall, these results show that the nature of the epistemic language mothers use with their children is affected interactively by various child and contextual characteristics. Future work that focuses on the individual differences in the accuracy of mothers’ epistemic scaffolding is warranted to lay the groundwork for much-needed intervention studies.
Open Access
I-deals, emerging leadership and promotability: a moderated mediation model
(2025-07) Tunakan, Canberk
Companies attempt to identify future leaders within teams. In particular, how leaders emerge informally within these teams and what formal leaders think about these employees remain areas that still require further explanation. In this study, the focus is on how idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) are related to emerging leadership, and if emerging leadership mediates the relationship between i-deals and promotability. Additionally, since the relationship between employees and their managers may influence the emergence of leadership, leader-member exchange (LMX) is included in the model as a moderator. The study was conducted in a centrifugal technologies company operating in Türkiye and involved 145 white-collar employees. The data confirm all of our hypotheses. Both i-deals and emerging leadership predict employees’ promotability, and emerging leadership partially mediates the relationship between i-deals and promotability. Furthermore, high levels of LMX significantly strengthen the relationships between i-deals, emerging leadership, and promotability. The results with respect to i-deals, emergent leadership and promotability are discussed.
Open Access
The fifth player: understanding bystander responses to gender-based exclusion in esports
(2025-07) Ayhan, Serengeti
Children and adolescents draw on multiple factors to inform their bystander judgments and behaviors to gender-based exclusion. The current study aimed to understand how these factors collectively inform bystanders' judgments, attitudes, and the five-step Bystander Intervention Model (BIM). Data was collected from 227 middle school (11-14 years, Mage = 12.56, 131 girls), and 345 high school (15-18 years, Mage = 15.68, 216 girls) students. Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions, varying by the excluder’s intentionality (good vs. bad), bystander peer norms (supporting vs. opposing exclusion), and the victim’s response (active vs. passive). Moral judgments (acceptability, fairness), intergroup judgments (victim inclusion, victims’ behavior, future inclusion of victim and excluder), and attitudes towards exclusion (funniness, seriousness) were evaluated. Bystander intervention behavior was measured using the five-step BIM. Social-cognitive skills (ToM, empathy, humor styles) and gender-related factors (gender stereotype endorsement, growth mindset in esports) were measured. Results indicated that gender shaped intergroup judgments: boys were more likely to judge exclusion acceptable than girls. Intentionality of the excluder shaped moral judgments: exclusion done with good intentionality was more acceptable. Peer norms interacted with intention and victim response: exclusion was seen acceptable only in the bad intentions, passive victim, and supportive norms conditions. Higher ToM, cognitive and affective empathy, affiliative humor, and growth mindset, and lower aggressive humor, endorsement of gender stereotypes predicted steps in the five-step BIM. Overall, findings offer insights for bystander intervention programs by illustrating how naturally interacting factors in dynamic social interactions shape bystanders’ judgments, attitudes, and behaviors.
Open Access
The citizenry as a collective agent: ontology, morality, and boundaries
(2025-07) Sebep, Evrensel
This thesis develops a comprehensive account of the citizenry as a genuine collective agent in representative democracies and explores the moral responsibilities that flow from this status. I argue that the citizenry satisfies core criteria for agency—autonomy, persistence, rationality, and reasoning—through joint commitments to democratic norms, diachronic public deliberation (through informal political discussions, protests, demonstrations, partisanship, social media activism, and participation in opinion polls), and institutional procedures that yield emergent judgments. Building on this account, I develop a collectivist framework of citizen responsibility, which shows how the citizenry bears collective blame for unjust state actions and shares task-responsibilities—such as bearing reparative costs—via an ongoing cycle of electoral appointment, informal guidance, and retrospective evaluation. Finally, I apply this framework to the Responsibility Dilemma in war ethics, proposing non‐lethal, symbolic, structural, and functional harms as appropriate forms of citizen liability in unjust conflicts. By recognising the citizenry as an agent, this thesis offers a richer foundation for understanding political accountability, collective responsibility, and the possibilities of democratic self‑rule. It also offers a novel challenge to the dominant individualistic paradigm in normative political philosophy.
Open Access
Digital transformation in organizations: the role of leadership in driving innovation
(2025-07) Yiğit Koçan, Hüma
This research explores the human side of digital transformation, addressing gaps in existing literature. The study analyzes the impact of digital transformational leadership on individual innovative work behavior, organizational innovation and organizational innovation capability through digital transformation considering top management mindfulness as a moderator. Utilizing a quantitative survey method and data from companies in university technology development zones, the model is tested on 290 employees at the individual level and 35 companies at the organization level. At the individual level, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between digital transformational leadership and digital transformation. Moreover, digital transformation mediates the positive relationship between digital transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. At the organization level, the results revealed the positive relationship between digital transformational leadership and digital transformation, moderated by top management mindfulness. The findings enhance the understanding of the role of leadership and top management in fostering digital transformation in organizations, offering insights for managers to improve innovation outcomes at the individual and organization level in the digital age.
Open Access
Choice architecture in organizations: experimental insights into nudge characteristics and environmental decision-making
(2025-07) Özdemir, Mervegül
In a world that demands sustainable transformation, achieving environmental goals depends not just on how organizations set strategies but on how employees put those goals into practice. This thesis explores how behavioral interventions, particularly nudges, can bridge this gap by supporting environmental decision-making within organizational contexts. Drawing from behavioral science and corporate social responsibility literature, the study focuses on two key features of nudges: transparency and frequency. Through a 2x2 between-subjects vignette experiment involving 228 business undergraduates, the research investigates how these design attributes influence support for sustainable choices in the workplace. In addition to behavioral outcomes, it investigates the psychological mechanisms of perceived threat to freedom and anger as potential mediators. The findings reveal that while nudges significantly increased environmental decision-making, neither transparency nor frequency produced significant effects when individual differences were controlled. Instead, pro-environmental attitudes were the strongest predictor of sustainable choices, suggesting that personal values matter more than how nudges are framed or repeated. This highlights the importance of tailoring behavioral interventions to audience characteristics rather than relying solely on structural adjustments to the nudge itself. By highlighting the emotional and contextual dynamics of behavioral design, this study contributes to both theoretical and practical understanding of how organizations can foster sustainable behavior ethically and effectively.
Open Access
Unveiling the dynamics of knowledge sabotage in knowledge-intensive contexts
(2025-06) Çavuşoğlu, Begüm
Knowledge sharing is pivotal for team performance and organizational success, especially in knowledge-intensive contexts. It fosters innovation and problem solving and enhances overall performance. Despite its critical importance, there are cases when individuals do not choose to share their knowledge and experiences, which is called knowledge sabotage. Knowledge sabotage is deliberately providing incorrect knowledge or concealing highly critical knowledge while being aware that this knowledge is needed and must be productively applied in the workplace. Understanding the predictors, dynamics, and consequences of knowledge sabotage is crucial for organizations to ensure the preservation and optimal use of their critical knowledge, thus safeguarding their operational resilience and efficiency. This study examines the phenomenon of knowledge sabotage, its types, underlying motivations, barriers, and consequences within organizations. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with participants working in knowledge-intensive contexts. The results revealed three forms of knowledge sabotage, namely providing distorted information, withholding requested information, and passive neglect. The findings also pointed to the negative effects of knowledge sabotage on organizational performance such as loss of time and efficiency, damage to company reputation, loss of trust, loss of corporate knowledge, and failure to achieve desired success and quality. The results emphasized the need for fostering trust and collaboration to mitigate knowledge sabotage within organizations. The findings are discussed with reference to the knowledge management literature.
Open Access
Transformation of a sarraf family in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire: The Zambaoğulları
(2025-06) Altın, Sefa Mustafa
This thesis analyzes the entrepreneurial activities of Yorgo Zambaoğlu, a sarraf in the second half of the nineteenth century. As an emerging local sarraf in the rural area, Yorgo gained considerable wealth and a solid reputation through his role as a guarantor in the iltizam contracts. When he relocated his economic operations to Istanbul, he faced a new challenge. The emergence of modern financial institutions led to the loss of the monopolistic position of the sarrafs in internal borrowing. Thanks to his new strategies and investment areas, Yorgo went beyond the classical character of the profession and found a new clientele in the shrinking credit markets. This thesis seeks to highlight how the sarraf profession transformed by analyzing the case of Zambaoğlu Yorgo. In this context, this study aims to shed light on the evolution of Zambaoğlu Yorgo's investments through his clientele. By analyzing the identities and titles of Yorgo's debt cases in the Ottoman archives, this study targets to reveal the prevailing pattern of his investments and client portfolio. In addition, by looking at the material and social heritage of the family, it will also be presented how an entrepreneur made capital transfer possible.
Open Access
Energy import concentration, diversification, and welfare: evidence from Türkiye
(2025-07) Tuğsuz, Mehmet
This thesis studies how supplier concentration heightens energy-supply risk and evaluates diversification as a policy response. Updated Herfindahl–Hirschman Index calculations reveal that Türkiye’s oil and natural-gas imports are far more concentrated than international benchmarks. A suite of stylised models is developed to determine optimal import shares under alternative shock scenarios. Across specifications, diversification consistently emerges as the welfare-maximising strategy. Historical case studies from the 1970s oil embargoes to the 2022 European gas crisis verify the model’s predictions, showing that countries delaying diversification suffered deeper and more prolonged output losses. An appendix offers a preliminary estimate of a hypothetical 2022 cut-off in Russian energy. The results underscore diversification as a first-order lever for reducing macroeconomic exposure to supply shocks and provide a tractable framework for future work.
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Tradable and non-tradable loans, provincial growth and state-owned banks
(2025-07) Çoğalmış, Aylin
This thesis examines the dynamic relationship between sectoral credit allocation and provincial GDP growth in Turkey, with a special focus on tradable and non-tradable credits, as well as the influence of state-owned bank lending. For this purpose, I use panel data across 81 provinces in Turkey and employ local projection methodology over five-year horizons covering the period between 2007 and 2023. The results reveal that a one standard deviation increase in three-year non-tradable credit change initially boosts GDP growth, also measured over a threeyear window, by approximately 1.9%, but this effect reverses and becomes significantly negative in the medium term, with peak adverse effects of nearly ˘4.9% after four years. On the contrary, three-year tradable credit change yields moderate but consistent gains, with a one standard deviation increase associated with approximately 1.7\% higher GDP growth in the medium term. The analysis restricted to state-owned bank credit allocation reveals the boom-bust dynamic in non-tradable lending. Further controlling for firm entry and credit intensity, the study finds that new firm formation—particularly in the non-tradable sector—enhances growth, whereas credit expansion alone, in the absence of new firm entry per capita variable, fails to produce durable economic gains. Overall, the results underscore the critical role of credit composition and institutional lending channels in shaping long-term provincial growth. Sectoral biased lending or politically driven credit allocation, especially when concentrated in the non-tradable sector, may deliver short-lived gains at the cost of future stability and sustainable development.
Open Access
Media censorship under the threat of a protest
(2025-07) Kabal, Koralp
In this thesis, we study, both theoretically and empirically, how polarization affects media freedom when the ruler faces a protest threat. The protest is modeled as a global game, and the ruler censors the media to thwart it, which is costly for the ruler. We show that under this setting, an increase in polarization leads to an increase in media censorship. Using two different measures of polar ization and protest data, we provide suggestive empirical evidence that validates the model’s main result.
Open Access
Scholarships as development assistance: an empirical analysis of the outcomes of the Turkish government funded scholarship programs
(2025-06) Atabaş, Hacer
This dissertation investigates the developmental effectiveness of Türkiye’s government-funded international scholarship programs within the framework of education-oriented foreign aid. While Türkiye’s programs have been widely discussed in terms of soft power and public diplomacy, their developmental dimensions—such as access to education, human capital formation, and contributions to social change—remain underexplored and empirically untested. The main research question asks: How effective are Türkiye’s international scholarship programs in achieving their stated and implicit developmental objectives? Two sub-questions explore the developmental goals policymakers associate with these programs and the extent of alums contributions to their home countries’ development. Using a qualitative and evaluative approach, the study analyzes 37 policy documents and five elite interviews to build a Theory of Change (ToC). This ToC is tested through 44 in-depth alums interviews conducted in Kyrgyzstan, North Macedonia, and Egypt, representing Central Asia, the Balkans, and the MENA region. The data are thematically analyzed using MAXQDA software, applying an extended Kirkpatrick model that assesses reaction, learning, behavior, organizational impact, and external outcomes. Findings reveal partial effectiveness: alums contribute meaningfully in sectors such as education, governance, and entrepreneurship. However, home-country constraints, insufficient academic preparation, and lack of post-graduation support limit long-term impact. The dissertation concludes with nine policy recommendations, five focusing on program design (e.g., return incentives, academic quality) and four on institutional reform (e.g., coordination, alums engagement), aiming to strengthen the developmental role of Türkiye’s scholarship programs.
Open Access
Prospects and challenges in employer participation in active labour market programs: the case of Türkiye
(2025-06) Gürlek, Emine Bademci
This dissertation investigates the role of economic and institutional factors in employer participation in and withdrawal from Active Labour Market Programs (ALMPs) in Türkiye, focusing on the On-the-Job Training (OJT) Programme implemented by the public employment agency, İŞKUR. Although the OJT had been widely embraced by large enterprises since its 2009 inception due to generous subsidies, participation dropped sharply after 2021, even as economic incentives remained intact. This study explores the reasons for this reversal by combining statistical analysis of Türkiye’s 500 largest firms with 38 semi-structured interviews with human resources professionals. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, drawing on both economic and institutionalist theories and supplemented by the Varieties of Capitalism framework. Quantitative findings show that firm-level characteristics such as export orientation and profitability are positively associated with participation. However, institutional variables, particularly proactive engagement by public authorities, were more limited in explanatory power. The qualitative findings, by contrast, uncover a critical and underexplored driver of employer withdrawal: jobseeker reluctance to participate in OJT due to low wages, insecure employment, and limited long-term prospects. This study interprets jobseeker resistance through the lens of decent work deficits, arguing that the success of ALMPs is contingent not only on employer incentives but also on job quality and worker engagement. It concludes that employer participation is conditional upon jobseeker participation, and that ALMPs cannot function without addressing systemic issues in the labour market. These findings contribute to comparative ALMP literature and suggest that future ALMP design must embed decent work principles to ensure sustainable participation.
Open Access
Echoes of resistance: music, memory, and protest in Turkey
(2025-06) İldoğan, Zeren
Music has been an inseparable part of our lives, accompanying our daily routines, activities, and emotional states from the early periods of history to the present day. The impact of music on individual emotions has also led it to become an integral component of the collective activities of societies and states. With its ability to appeal to communities, translate emotions, and mobilize masses, music has also become an important tool of political communication. This study examines the role of music in protest culture and its function as a means of constructing collective memory through the recollected experiences of participants in two significant social movements in Turkey: the student movements of the 1970s and the 2013 Gezi Park protests. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals who experienced their youth in the 1970s and participated in the Gezi Park protests of 2013. The participants were asked about their musical preferences and political views, as well as the connections between the songs used in the protests they attended and their personal experiences. The study observed the role of music as a mnemonic device for the participants. It was found that the differing political contexts and protest cultures of these two periods influenced the types of music used in the movements. However, despite these historical differences, the songs used in both periods were found to have similar emotional effects on individuals, transforming personal memories into a collective narrative and serving as reminders that help preserve and transmit the memory of past social movements to new generations. By analyzing the relationship between protest culture, music, and collective memory in the Turkish context, this study argues that music is not only an expressive form but also an essential component that sustains and reconstructs resistance within social movements.
Embargo
Early modern Ottoman politics of time: custom, temporality, and the making of ʿÂdet-i Kadîme
(2025-06) Zeybek, Efe Can
This thesis examines the temporality of ʿâdet-i kadîme (ancient custom) as a lens through which to explore how time was conceptualized, invoked, and made meaningful—that is, how it was perceived—in the early modern Ottoman Empire, with a particular focus on the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Drawing on a diverse array of primary sources, including the registers of important affairs (mühimme defterleri), provincial law codes (sancak kanunnâmeleri), and judicial court records (kadı sicilleri), it conceptually and contextually analyzes temporal expressions such as “kadîmden berü” (“since ancient times”), “olıgeldiği üzere” (“as it has long continued”), and “babam/atam/ceddim zamanı” (“in the time of my father/ancestor”). While these expressions may appear vague, this study argues—through semantic and hermeneutic analysis—that they functioned as meaningful temporal signifiers that iv both reflected and shaped how communities perceived the historical depth and temporality of customs. The thesis contends that the temporal framing of ʿâdet-i kadîme—the ways in which customary practices were anchored in an imagined past—played a key role not only in transforming evolving practices into accepted custom, but also in conferring normative legitimacy and authority upon them. Rather than viewing custom as a static inheritance, the study demonstrates that it was dynamically shaped, reproduced, contested, and instrumentalized through temporal language, which in turn helped structure both state-society and intra-societal relations. This temporal discourse, far from being merely descriptive, played an active role in the maintenance of the world order (nizâm-ı ʿâlem). Ultimately, it reveals how early modern Ottoman individuals and communities situated themselves within historical time—by framing their pasts, interpreting their present, and envisioning their futures—through the idioms and temporal logic of ʿâdet-i kadîme.
Open Access
Milletlerarası özel hukukta blokzincirine dayalı akıllı sözleşmelere uygulanacak hukukun tayini ve uygulanması
(2025-06) Aktan, Elçin
This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing law of the smart contracts, considering the substantial growth in their transaction volume and complexity driven by advancements in blockchain technology. Focusing exclusively on on-chain smart contracts, this study begins with technical insights and proceeds to justify the necessity of analyzing blockchain-based smart contracts within the framework of private international law, particularly in relation to issues of foreign elements and legal characterization. In light of the absence of a binding international legal framework applicable to blockchain-based smart contracts, the analysis turns to traditional private international law principles to evaluate their adequacy in determining the law applicable to disputes arising from these transactions. In response to the inadequacy of traditional rules, the study explores system specific connecting factors and the prospect of emerging uniform norms, offering a series of recommendations based on these findings. Following an analysis of issues both within and beyond the lex causae, the study concludes by proposing a conflict of laws rule to determine the law applicable to smart contracts.
Open Access
Urban transformation of late Byzantine anatolian cities in the thirteenth century
(2025-07) Çağlan, Furkan
This thesis examines the urban transformation of Late Byzantine Anatolian cities in the thirteenth century, a period that was characterized by political fragmentation after the emergence of two successor states – the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond after the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and the frontier politics between the Byzantines and the Rum Seljuqs. This study explores the reactions and adaptations of cities in Anatolia in the thirteenth century to changing socio-political, economic and cultural factors such as the loss of imperial power after the Fourth Crusade, military threats, particularly from the Rum Seljuqs and nomadic Turks, growing commercial ties, and cross-cultural interactions on the frontier, focusing on four different cities – Nicaea, Trebizond, Laodicaea, and Ephesos. Using an interdisciplinary approach, combining a wealth of literary sources with material sources, and utilizing historical geography, this study uses a comparative and thematic approach to demonstrate the urban transformation resulting from the responses of these four cities to the socio-political, economic and cultural changes of this period. Also, this thesis considers the functions of these cities within the framework of being an ‘imperial’ capital and strategically located, particularly on the border, and having commercial and religious nuclei. The choice of selecting case studies from different geographies allows for an understanding of the development of frontier dynamics, influenced by topographic and geopolitical changes, imperial legitimacy and cross-cultural interactions. Considering all these, the thesis argues the urban transformation of Late Byzantine Anatolia cities emphasized their adaptations and reactions to the circumstances in the thirteenth century, paving the way for the transition from Byzantine city to Turkish city in the fourteenth century.
Open Access
The Kazakh Qobyz: exploring playing techniques and its acoustic features
(2025-07) Karatai, Tokzhan
Music of Central Asia remains an understudied field within modern musicology and broader academic discourse. In particular, many questions arise regarding traditional Kazakh instruments. The Qobyz—a Kazakh string instrument recognized for its distinctive timbre—has undergone centuries of transformation influenced by various religious and political contexts. Yet, due to its repertoire and shamanic background, it continues to be primarily framed within a folk music tradition. By studying the acoustic characteristics of the Qobyz through the lens of contemporary concert music, this research aims to expand the instrument’s performance possibilities and repertoire by analyzing and evaluating all existing playing techniques within the context of European string instruments. The main objective is to assess traditional and contemporary string playing techniques to determine their applicability to the Qobyz and explore its potential role in contemporary art. The methodology is practice-based and includes the following seven steps: (1) literature review, (2) playing technique selection, (3) categorization of techniques, (4) analysis of the application process, (5) evaluation and comparison, (6) notation, and (7) interpretation and conclusion. Additionally, this work is intended to function as a manual for composers and performers, offering them a comprehensive understanding of the instrument's theoretical and practical aspects.
Open Access
Gendered emotion of anger in the Early Modern Ottoman society
(2025-06) Çelik Üstünbaş, Yağmur
This thesis examines the conceptualization, expression, and regulation of anger in the early modern Ottoman society, with a particular focus on its gendered dimensions. Drawing on judicial court registers from Anatolian towns spanning to sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, fatwas, and one of the prominent ethics books of the time, Ahlak-ı Alai by Kınalızade Ali Çelebi, a sixteenth-century Ottoman intellectual, the study investigates how anger was defined, expressed, and regulated in both ethical discourse and everyday practice. Rather than treating emotions as universal or ahistorical categories, this work approaches anger as a culturally constructed and historically contingent concept, shared by moral, legal, and social frameworks producing gendered emotional practices. I argue that the conceptualization of anger in early modern Ottoman society was gendered and that this gendered conceptualization was not only evident in prescriptive philosophical literature but also manifested in everyday legal disputes and social interactions documented in court records and fatwas. The analysis reveals how different expectations and regulations regarding the emotion of anger were applied to men and women, reflecting broader social hierarchies and gender roles. By tracing both the conceptualization and practical manifestations of anger, this thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship on the history of emotions of early modern Ottoman society. It highlights the value of integrating emotions in the history of the Ottoman Empire, placing gender at the center of this analysis.