Browsing by Subject "Diplomacy"

Now showing 1 - 18 of 18

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1965-2000 yılları arasında Türkiye dışişleri bakanlığında görev yapmış kadınların yaşadıkları
(Bilkent University, 2021) Oğuzülgen, Ali Emir; Toral, Aybala; Vardar, Gözde Zeynep; Boztuğ, Deniz; Muratal, Meriç
Dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde olduğu gibi ülkemizde de kadınların iş hayatına aktif olarak katılmaları 20. yüzyılda başlamış ve cumhuriyetin ilanı ile hızlanarak devam etmiştir. Bu süreçte yeni kurulmuş olan Cumhuriyet hükümetinin eşitlikçi politikaları olmasına rağmen cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarına bakıldığı zaman kadınların Dışilerinde erkekler kadar aktif rol almadığı veya alamadığı gözlenmiştir. Ülkelerini yabancı ülkelerde temsil ederek, orada yaşayan vatandaşlarına hizmet veren ayrıca vatanlarının, bulundukları diğer uluslar ile olan politik ilişkilerinde çeşitli roller oynayan Dışişleri mensuplarının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan kadınların, 1965-2000 yılları arasındaki yaşantılarına ışık tutmak, yaşam şartlarını ve yaptıkları görevleri öğrenmek bu araştırmanın temel amacıdır. Ayrıca Dışişlerinde çalışan kadınların sıradan ve basit hayatlar yaşamadıkları, görev esnasında çeşitli zorluk ve tehditlerle karşılaştıkları da okuyucuya aktarılmaya çalışılacaktır.
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1996 Kardak krizi’nde Türk ordusu
(Bilkent University, 2022) Aygün, Pelinsu; Bozkurt, Bilge Özgü; Kurtoğlu, Ege; Sarıgül, Yaren; Yıldız, Dursun
Kardak kayalıkları, Ege Denizi’nde kapladığı küçük konuma karşılık Türk- Yunan ilişkilerinde krize yol açacak kadar büyük öneme sahip olmuştur. Coğrafi konum olarak Ege Denizi’nde Kalolimni kayalıklarının doğusunda yer alan ve sadece keçilerin yaşadığı bilinen kayalıklara, Figen Akat isimli Türk gemisinin çarpması Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında krize dönüşen bir gerginlik yaratmıştır. Yunanistan bu çarpışmanın kendi sınırlarında olduğunu iddia etmiş ve Türkiye’ye ait olan Kardak gibi diğer bazı adaların kendisine ait olduğunu iddia edince kriz büyümüştür. Türkiye sadece keçilerin yaşadığı bu kayalık adadan vazgeçmemiş ve güçlerini sonuna kadar kullanmıştır. Dönemin Başbakanı Tansu Çiller: “O bayrak inecek, o asker gidecek” diyerek Türkiye’ye ait herhangi bir toprak parçasını bile kaybetmek istemediklerini sözleriyle göstermiştir. Her ne kadar Kardak Krizinde deniz gücü baş faktör olsa da bu ada için hava kuvvetleri birlikleri ile kara kuvvetlerinin bazı unsurları teyakkuza geçmiş ve büyük uğraşlar sergilemişlerdir. Yunanistan ile Türkiye’nin uzun süren adalar sorunu bu krizin de sebeplerinden biridir.
Open Access
Animals and diplomacy: on the prospect for interspecies diplomacy
(SAGE Publications, 2023-08-10) Fougner, Tore
If diplomacy is considered an alternative to war, can the ongoing human ‘war against animals’ be replaced with diplomacy between humans and other animals? While many scholars and practitioners of diplomacy can be expected to dismiss such an idea out of hand, this essay encourages us to think more seriously and thoroughly about what it might imply to engage diplomatically with nonhuman animals. Doing so requires a somewhat unconventional conception of diplomacy, and some scholars have already done much to rethink diplomacy in suitable ways (despite the persistent anthropocentrism). Combining such work with political science scholarship on human-animal relations, indigenous peoples’ relations with animals, various notions of animal ambassadorship and the study of animal behaviour in natural settings, the essay argues that interspecies diplomacy is possible and urges scholars to further explore this and how the possibility in question can be translated into reality.
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Bodrum'un mandalina ile tanışma hikayesi: Ömer Aras
(Bilkent University, 2020) Or, Hande; Çağlar, Ege Cem; Topçu, Ezgi; Can, Yağmur; Taşar, Kaan
1944 yılında Bodrum'a gelişinden 2016 yılındaki vefatına kadar Bodrum'da yaşamış Ömer Aras, gerek çiftçiliğiyle, gerek diplomatlığı ile yörede iyi tanınmış biri olup bölge halkı tarafından çokça sevilen biri haline dönüşmüştür. Önceleri balıkçılık, tütün, zeytin gibi ürünlerden oluşan Bodrum ekonomisi, Ömer Aras'ın ilk mandalina tohumunu dikmesinin ardından yeni bir boyut kazanmış, dünya pazarlarında yer alabilecek duruma gelmiştir. Ömer Aras, çiftçiliğinin yanı sıra diplomatlığı ile de İtalyan turistler tarafından çokça sevilmiş, turizm alanında oldukça yararlı işler başarmıştır. 1950 yılından günümüze kadar olan süreçte Bodrum'un ekonomik ve sosyal durumunu anlayabilmek için Ömer Aras'ın hayatı ve şehre bu konularda katkılarının araştırılması yapılmıştır.
Open Access
Coda: Ten Questions for a Diplomat
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017-08-05) Weisbrode, K.
Thomas Niles served as a United States foreign service officer from 1962 to 1998. His service included three terms as ambassador: to Canada, the European Community, and Greece. He reflects here on the continuities in the diplomatic profession, and, in particular, on embassies, during a period of notable historic change. While many of the protocols and responsibilities of embassies remained more or less the same as they had been for over a century, there were hints that those, too, were about to change in unforeseen ways, even calling into question the central role of embassies as representing and serving the nation-state, as the other articles in this issue discuss. Nevertheless, to this ambassador, at least, even dramatic changes in technology, politics, and culture rarely happen all at once; and the institutions and the people adapting to them may be more cautious or durable than they sometimes appear in retrospect.
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The Crescent, the Lion and the Eagle: re-analyzing the Ottoman Apulian Campaign and Attack on Corfu (1537) in the context of Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry
(2018-01) Otman, Elvin
This dissertation produces a detailed historical narrative of the Ottoman Apulian Campaign and the Attack on Corfu in 1537. Although the Apulian Campaign, a natural consequence of the Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry, which characterized the sixteenth-century Ottoman policies and discourse of universal sovereignty, was originally planned as an Ottoman-French joint military operation, it remained as an individual Ottoman attack on the south eastern Italy since the French King did not offer his already promised military support during the campaign. The attacks of Andrea Doria and the Venetian captains on the Ottoman ships during the campaign changed the course of the initiative and Sultan Süleyman I ordered the attack on the island of Corfu, under Venetian control. The Ottoman attack were ended since the season of war ended and the Ottoman army returned to Constantinople without having completed the conquest of Corfu. This dissertation mainly argues that one could not understand why the Ottomans engaged in such a venture without analyzing the nature of the rivalry between the Ottoman and Habsburg dynasties in the sixteenth-century. The study defines the campaign as the Apulian Campaign and defends the argument that the Ottoman sought to establish some sort of suzerainty in south eastern Italy, bound to the Habsburg realm. Moreover, it asserted that the campaign should not be evaluated as the “Expedition of Corfu” by stating that Corfu was not the principal target of the Ottomans in 1537. The impact of the 1537 Campaign on the Ottoman-Venetian relations is also discussed in this study.
Open Access
The first Dutch ambassador in Istanbul: Cornelis Haga and the Dutch capitulations of 1612
(2003) Ari, Bülent
This dissertation evaluates the granting of capitulations to the Dutch Republic by the Ottoman Sultan in 1612, and early years of first Dutch ambassador Cornelis Haga. The United Provinces, formed by seven provinces of the Low Countries in 1579, signed Twelve Years Truce with Spain in 1609. The truce was the beginning of Dutch primacy in world economy, which would last until mid 17th century. The Dutch Republic sent sent Haga to achieve grant of capitulations by the Sultan Ahmed I. Despite intensive opposition of Venetian, French and English ambassadors at the Porte, Haga fulfilled his mission and remained in Istanbul as resident ambassador. From Haga's arrival onwards, Vizier Halil Paşa Provided all kinds of assistance to him in establishing diplomatic relations with the Porte. In a few years Dutch consulates were opened in major port cities throughout the Mediterranean. Haga remained in Istanbul for 27 years, where he came for a temporary mission. Halil Paşa's protection was always crucial both for Haga and for the Dutch merchants. This study analyses the story of Haga as an ambassador relying on his register book including all diplomatic correspondences of his embassy. In other words, the dissertation is a case study for granting of capitulations by the Ottoman Sultan and the diplomatic maneuvers resorted to by other ambassadors at the Porte.
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İlk kadın diplomat: Adile Ayda
(Bilkent University, 2022) Mandıracı, Dilara; Toraman, Yusuf; Tekin, Gülbera; Keser, Atakan; Tandoğan, Ömer Batuhan
Adile Ayda, 22 Şubat 1912 tarihinde Rusya’da doğdu. İlköğrenimini Paris ve Berlin’de, orta öğrenimini İstanbul’da Dame de Sion Lisesi’nde tamamladı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinden ve Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümünden mezun oldu. Üniversitede Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı alanında akademik çalışmalar yaptı. 1958’de Cumhuriyet tarihinin ilk kadın diplomatı oldu. 1976’da kontenjan senatörlüğüne seçildi. Türkiye Kadın Konseyi’ni kurdu ve fahri başkanlığı görevini üstlendi. Adile Ayda yaşamı boyunca diplomaside, akademide ve politikada önemli görevler üstlenmiş, milliyetçi akımın bir temsilcisi olmuştur. 5 Kasım 1992 tarihinde Ankara'da vefat etti.
Open Access
The Iranian quagmire: how to move forward. Position: resuscitate the nuclear swap deal
(Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, 2010) Kibaroglu, M.
As the writers in this symposium illustrate, dealing with Iran's nuclear program is one of the most important foreign policy issues of the day. Years of stalled talks, diplomatic dead-ends, and sanctions have made it difficult to see exactly where progress has been made and what efforts are worth pursuing. In this Global Forum, leading foreign policy experts weigh in from around the world on the options for how to move forward with Iran-from diplomacy to fuel swaps to military strikes. Whatever their proposed solutions, the writers express one common theme: We ignore Iran at our own peril.
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Kuruluşundan dağılışına kadar Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi
(Bilkent University, 2022) Akboğa, Ezgi; Ayrancı, Ahmed Hamza; Oral, Mehmet; Kök, Orkun İbrahim; Akçay, Davut
Osmanlı döneminde komünist bir parti yoktu ancak sosyalist düşünce mevcuttu. Cumhuriyet kurulmadan üç yıl önce, 1920’de ilk defa Komünist adıyla bir siyasi parti kurulmuştur. Türkiye Komünist Partisi üyeleri ve kurucuları Karadeniz’de suikaste uğramaları sonucu hayatlarını kaybetmiş ve Meclis tarafından alınan kararla parti kapatılmıştır. Sonrasında illegal bir şekilde varlığını sürdürmüştür. 1960 yılında Türkiye İşçi Partisi kurulmuş ve 1980 darbesine kadar faaliyet gösteren Türkiye İşçi Partisi, 1980 darbesi sonucu illegal duruma gelmiştir. TKP ve TİP üyeleri legal bir parti kurmak için 1987 yılında bir araya gelmiş ve 1990 yılında Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi’ni kurmuşlardır. Kuruluşundan 15 gün sonra kapatma istemiyle Anayasa Mahkemesince dava açılmış ve kuruluşundan tam bir yıl sonra TBKP kapatılmıştır.
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The massigli affair and its context: Turkish foreign policy after the molotov–ribbentrop pact
(SAGE Publications, 2020) İşçi, Onur
This article examines Turkey's wartime diplomacy between the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Hitler's unleashing of Operation Barbarossa. Rather than a survey of Turkish foreign policy as a whole, it takes a critical episode from July 1940 as a case study that – when put in context – reveals how fear of Nazi power and even greater fear of the Soviet Union created in Turkey a complex view of a desired outcome from the Second World War. Juxtaposing archival materials in Turkish, Russian, German, and English, I draw heavily on the hitherto untapped holdings of the Turkish Diplomatic Archives (TDA). Overall, this article demonstrates both the breadth and limits of Nazi Germany's sweeping efforts to orchestrate anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey; efforts that helped end interwar Soviet-Turkish cooperation. Against previously established notions in historiography that depict Soviet-Turkish relations as naturally hostile and inherently destabilizing, this article documents how the Nazi–Soviet Pact played a key role in their worsening bilateral affairs between 1939 and 1941. The argument, then, is in keeping with newer literature on the Second World War that has begun to compensate for earlier accounts that overlooked neutral powers.
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Oral history and the history of American foreign relations
(Oxford University Press, 1995-09) Soffer, J. M.
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An Ottoman peace attempt at the Habsburg court during the Ottoman-Holy league war: Zülfikâr Efendi in Vienna, 1688-1693
(2008) Yılmaz, Yasir
The visit of Zülfikar Efendi to the Habsburg court in 1688 was a milestone in Ottoman diplomatic history. The Ottoman system had its own diplomatic means and manners for centuries preceding the 1680s but these methods would function effectively only as long as the Ottomans were strong enough to ignore the strength of their rivals. An empire which for centuries had practiced unilateral and nonreciprocal policy making and implementation in diplomatic affairs was now seeking peace at the court of the Habsburgs, while welcoming Anglo-Dutch mediation. This peace attempt marked the beginning of a new era for the Ottomans. From then on, they started considering the diplomatic rules and procedures followed by the European states in international arena, while this also marked the beginning of Ottomans’ gradual acceptance of European means and manners in many other issues.
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Ottoman-Polish diplomatic relations in the sixteenth century
(2003) Wawrzyniak, Krzysztof
The Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania remained direct neighbors from the late Middle Ages until the end of eighteenth century. Long coexistence of both states led to development of rich and diverse forms of contacts on various levels. The sixteenth century was marked by both continuity and change in the bilateral contacts. The overall peaceful political and diplomatic cooperation during the reign of the last Jagiellonians evolved into active competition by the end of the sixteenth century. The Ottoman statesmen tried to influence results of first royal elections and to secure continuity of the balance of power in Central Europe. This policy became most successful during the reign of Stephan Bathory. The reign of Bathory’s successor, Sigismund III Vasa became a step towards a century of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Unlike the political relations, trade and other economic activities remained stable. The thesis will present a critical approach towards existing historiography as such and it will reexamine major questions concerning the Ottoman-Polish relations in the sixteenth century. The Ottoman attempts to influence the royal elections in Poland-Lithuania and the border activities of the Cossacks, the Tatars and the border lords will be analyzed, in order to verify whether they influenced the deterioration of bilateral political and diplomatic issues. Practical dimensions of everyday OttomanPolish contacts together with analysis of major reasons of changes in relations will be the focal point of this study.
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A struggle for survival: genoese diplomacy with the sublime porte in the face of Spanish and French opposition
(Brill Academic Publishers, 2019) Mercan, F. Özden
During the sixteenth century Genoa became a significant ally of the Habsburg Empire. Shared political, commercial, financial, and strategic factors tied the Genoese patricians firmly to Spain. However, their alliance was by no means permanent. The relations between the Genoese and the Spanish crown were not without tensions and conflict. In the mid-sixteenth century, the combination of various factors set the stage for Genoa to reconfigure its alliances in the Mediterranean. Having fallen victim to the Habsburg and Valois conflict and being torn between the two, Genoa was forced to resort to an alternative imperial power, the Ottoman Empire, to protect its integrity and independence, as well as to engage in the Levant trade. This article focuses on this moment of crisis in Genoa and analyzes how it led the Genoese to consider shifting their alliance from the Habsburgs to the Ottomans, who were the former’s most compelling rival in the Mediterranean. Although the Genoese endeavor ultimately ended in failure, the idea of a potential alliance with the Ottomans and the efforts Genoa invested in its diplomatic negotiations provides insight into the strategies a small state used to survive at a time when imperial rivalry over the Mediterranean was escalating.
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Turkish-Iranian relations after the framework agreement
(Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2015) Özdamar, Özgür
Turkey has been closely observing the Iranian nuclear program and its bilateral, regional and global implications since 2002. As one of the most important neighboring countries, Iran’s defense policy has always been an issue of great significance for Turkish policy makers. In the last one and a half decades, Turkey has been both directly and indirectly in pursuit of shaping the outcome of Iran’s nuclear program and the negotiations between Iran and the world’s major powers. For example, in 2010, Turkey and Brazil catered a nuclear fuel swap agreement designed to help Iran build a peaceful nuclear program and at the same time prevent weaponization of its nuclear capabilities. Although this initiative was considered to be highly promising in terms of what it could have provided to Iran and the rest of the world, the UN Security Council Permanent Members and Germany (P5+1) did not welcome it. The deal died shortly after Turkey and Brazil promoted it due to P5+1’s opposition. After that experience, Turkey’s direct involvement in negotiations has been rather low-key.
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Türkiye'den dünyaya açılan ses: Türkiye'nin Sesi radyosu
(Bilkent University, 2023) Artar, Emine Gözde; Deveci, Deniz; Karabulut, Elif; Şahin, Alp; Şahin, Samet
Kitleleri etkilemek ve bir araya getirmek için kullanılan radyo, Türk toplumunda da yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin Sesi Radyosu (TSR), TRT çatısı altında olan bir radyo olarak kuruldu. Günümüzde hala yayın hayatına devam etmekte olan TSR, kuruluşundan itibaren yurt dışında yaşayan Türklere ve yabancılara hitap edecek programlar yapmaktadır. Diğer ülkelerdeki benzer kuruluşları gibi TSR de ülkenin yurt dışına doğru tanıtılması amacını benimsemektedir. Kültürel faaliyetlerin yanı sıra yürüttüğü diplomatik ilişkiler ile de TSR, Türkiye’nin yaşadığı siyasi krizlerde de etkili yer oynamaktadır. Bu araştırmada TSR’nin işleyişi, yayın hayatı, yurt dışında yaşayan Türkler ve yabancılara yönelik yürüttüğü faaliyetlerine ek olarak Türkiye’nin diplomatik ilişkilerindeki yeri incelendi. Türkiye’nin Sesi Radyosu kuruluşundan itibaren belirlediği misyonunu, günümüzde yurt dışına yaptığı yayınlar ile Türk kültürünü ve dilini doğru tanıtarak devam ettirmektedir.
Open Access
Unraveling diplomacy: Turkish and American diplomats on the Cyprus crises of 1954-1967
(2020-11) Erçelik, Dilara
Cyprus has been a problem for Turkey since 1954 and the entangled conflict attracted the attention of the United States as well. While the situation of the island required mediation and diplomacy, it not only concerned the two communities of Cyprus but also the two allies; the United States and Turkey to confront with the major crises often. One of them was the 1964 Letter Crisis and the other one was the Conflict of 1967 which brought Turkey and Greece to the threshold of war. It was mediated by American diplomacy and described as a success by George Ball. Deadlocks and crises hurt the relations between the two states and the diplomacy that the United States called successful, in actuality meant disappointments and therefore were unable to address all their priorities for Turkey. This thesis argues that a catastrophic success was the result of bilateral relations and for this purpose, the thesis; surveys the effects of Turkish and American diplomats by combining their memoirs and archives.