Scholarly Publications - Urban Design and Landscape Architecture

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11693/115621

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Open Access
Studio instructors talk about skills, knowledge, and professional roles in architecture and landscape architecture
(Sage, 1998) Hazer F.; Eyikan, B.
This article examines the attitudes of studio instructors in architecture and landscape architecture departments throughout the United States toward the designer's role, sources of knowledge and inspiration in design, related disciplines, and essential skills. A cluster analysis of instructors' responses to a questionnaire identified five groups according to conceptions of professional identity: master designers, communicative designers, political designers, researcher designers, and those who see design, research, and political skills as almost equally important. The two most common self-conceptions are "master" and "negotiator." In-depth interviews with some instructors further elucidated each approach. The results revealed the coexistence of a multiplicity of ideas and convictions within a shared ethos and suggested various strategies for increasing the effectiveness of design education and practice. The article concludes that the professional identity of designers is being transformed from that of isolated creative individuals to that of politically active professionals.
Open Access
Housing rehabilitation and its role in neighborhood change: a framework for evaluation
(Locke Science, 1998) Ulusoy, Z.
In most empirical studies of neighborhood change, particularly those on the issue of gentrification, the analysis focuses either on variations in population, transformations in the housing market, or modifications in the physical condition of buildings, without attending to the interaction of these different but interrelated aspects of residential change. Moreover, variations within a geographical area are lost since statistical data used pertain to areas larger than the neighborhoods themselves. Here, a framework of analysis that combines three aspects of neighborhood change, namely, changes in the physical stock,the housing market, and the population, is proposed. Data in these categories are collected at the level of individual properties and their interaction is studied. Various sequences and patterns of occurrence of these three aspects of residential change are argued to imply different intentions behind the practices of the many actors involved. Hence, the proposed framework clarifies the complexity of the process of neighborhood change and uncovers the dynamics behind it. This approach is applied to an inner city neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA), in order to discuss and evaluate transformations experienced in the area in the 1980s.In most empirical studies of neighborhood change, particularly those on the issue of gentrification, the analysis focuses either on variations in population, transformations in the housing market, or modifications in the physical condition of buildings, without attending to the interaction of these different but interrelated aspects of residential change. Moreover, variations within a geographical area are lost since statistical data used pertain to areas larger than the neighborhoods themselves. Here, a framework of analysis that combines three aspects of neighborhood change, namely, changes in the physical stock, the housing market, and the population, is proposed. Data in these categories are collected at the level of individual properties and their interaction is studied. Various sequences and patterns of occurrence of these three aspects of residential change are argued to imply different intentions behind the practices of the many actors involved. Hence, the proposed framework clarifies the complexity of the process of neighborhood change and uncovers the dynamics behind it. This approach is applied to an inner city neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA), in order to discuss and evaluate transformations experienced in the area in the 1980s.
Open Access
To design versus to understand design: The role of graphic representations and verbal expressions
(Elsevier, 1999) Ulusoy, Z.
While the primary objective of design education is essentially teaching how to design, the process of understanding a design product is another important and obvious goal of design education. Here, the aim is to find out how the capacity of the students to design relates to their capacity to understand and evaluate design. In a survey done in the freshman studio, students were asked to diagrammatic ally express the design ideas of the projects they were shown, to criticize the projects verbally and to grade them. Later, the diagrams produced by the students, their verbal evaluations of the projects, the grades they have assigned to these projects, and their own projects' jury grades are compared to find out the interaction among these variables. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Cultural diversity, public space, aesthetics and power
(Routledge, 1999) Incirlioglu, E. O.; Tandogan, Z. G.
In this paper we argue that issues of inclusion and exclusion to public space can be examined by invoking the principle of "aesthetics". Those that are aesthetically pleasing, tasteful, or desirable are allowed in public spaces, yet these characteristics are defined through social and cultural mechanisms. Differences between cultural groups in terms of body movement, proximity relationships, definition of personal space, clothing, and other visible features, are evaluated and judged through the filter of power relations. Numerous non-European migrants who reside in the North experience discrimination as a result of being "visible foreigners". They are not welcome in public areas and they do not meet the prevalent aesthetic standards, defined by the dominant discourse around aesthetics. This trend obstructs the development of multicultural coexistence and the possibility of transnationalism. In order to realise cultural expression for all, we extend an invitation to scrutinise power inequalities by means of multicultural educational programs.
Open Access
Spontaneous settlements in Turkey and Bangladesh: preconditions of emergence and environmental quality of gecekondu settlements and bustees
(Elsevier, 2001) Mahmud, S.; Duyar-Kienast, U.
Spontaneous settlements are common phenomena in many third world countries. Although the different geographical locations, along with morphological factors, play an important role in shaping up different physical settings, dynamic social factors have similar consequences in such settlements. Ankara's gecekondu and Dhaka's bustees are in continuous change and adaptation into the structure of the cities in which they exist. Both remain as popular housing in the respective capitals of Turkey and Bangladesh. The aim of this paper is to find similarities and dissimilarities among gecekondu and bustees, giving an emphasis to five fundamental issues. Those are location of the settlement within the city, appropriation of land and ownership patterns, economic possibilities of the inhabitants, cultural and local dynamics of formation and uses of space, and last, the transformation of the settlements. Despite all physical and social dissimilarities, ownership patterns are perhaps the key factor in the development of such settlements both in Ankara and in Dhaka. The main commonality is that those settlements provide not only shelter but also possibilities to satisfy other needs for their inhabitants. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
A place of identity and fear: boundaries experienced in a "Gypsy" Quarter in Ankara
(International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments (IASTE), 2002) Incirlioğlu, E.
This paper explores the practices of exclusion, segregation and conflict in Çinçin Baglari, a rigidly defined quarter in Ankara, Turkey. This quarter has gained a reputation as an "unruly" place inhabited by lawless people, undocumented "gyp- sies," drug pushers, prostitutes, pickpockets and petty criminals. Most of the residents of the quarter live in squatter settlements. Thus, while Çinçin Baglari is an everyday place and "home" to hundreds of families, it has become an "other" place for the rest of Ankara's population - to the extent that most city residents feel like "foreigners" and experience fear within its boundaries. Foucault's politicized concept of "heterotopia" (other place) is applicable to Çinçin Baglari, where "the notion of 'other' refers to that which is both formally and socially other." Based on surveys and observations conducted by a group of university students in 2001 and 2002, as well as interviews with municipal officials, this paper focuses on the social relations and territorial behavior patterns that define the boundaries of Çinçin Baglari in the absence of walls or fences. The traditions or cul- tural traits that are practiced within the quarter, such as cock- fights, dogfights, pigeon competitions, self-mutilations, or the creative use of various "weapons," serve to reinforce the cultural identity of the residents in a negative way. Specifically, this paper will focus on the tensions that are created by the occasional demolition of squatter houses and the subsequent confrontation which takes place between the police and the residents. At a time when cosmopolitanism and global citizenship are being widely discussed, a considerable number of Çinçin Baglari residents are not registered or documented, and thus are not "cit- izens" of the modern nation-state of Turkey. Considering the global dispersion of "gypsies," "unbound" around the world beyond commitment to any one nation-state, it is ironic that the boundaries of Çinçin Baglari are spatially well defined, and that they so rigidly separate its inhabitants from “outsiders”
Open Access
Spatial, social and temporal compromise on the border
(International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, 2002) Ulusoy, Z.; Karaca, H.; Bas, F.
This paper focuses on Alanya a mid-size town alaong the Mediterranean costs of Turkey, where a shift from agricultural production to tourism has been experienced over the last 20 years, resulting in waves of migration. In this particular instance, a spatial "border" which is both temporal and selectively permeable is experienced in the interaction with tourists. Local and immigrant inhabitants attitude towards tourists represent a level of compromise and acceptance that is shaped by the shared interests of all group.
Open Access
Reinvention of tradition as an urban image: the case of Ankara Citadel
(Sage, 2002) Erendil, A. T.; Ulusoy, Z.
Debates on urban tourism have been coupled with a widespread discourse on 'placelessness', 'loss of identity', and 'standardization' related to the modernist ideology of planning. In this respect, utilizing this historic urban fabric has become important as a means of recreating an urban image. Ironically, efforts to avoid standardization are caught in another trap of sameness and blandness, because a very similar vocabulary is used in the ability of those tourist-historic places to meet the expectations of the universal tourist industry. In this context, we analyzed the recent efforts to integrate an inner-city area, Ankara Citadel and its vicinity, focusing on the changing identity owing to the introduction of income-generating and tourist-attraction facilities. The nature and consequences of this transformation have been investigated in terms of the issues of preservation practice, economic feasibility, public interest, and its ethics and legitimacy.
Open Access
Interrupted happiness: class boundaries and the 'impossible love' in turkish melodrama
(University of Leicester, 2003) Kılıçbay, B.; İncirlioğlu, E. O.
Social classes in Turkey, the existence of which is often denied in dominant political discourses, are nevertheless apparent in a wide range of cultural forms including the cinema, particularly the melodrama of the 1960s and the 1970s. The specific nature of the Turkish melodrama puts this genre quite apart from other filmic genres existing in Turkish cinema. An axiomatic representation of love and the unchanging formulas typically exemplified in the classic Turkish melodrama have been so popular that even in the non-melodramatic genres this kind of romance was ubiquitous. Class difference between lovers is a typical melodramatic mode in Turkish film; classes constitute boundaries for love and they delay, interrupt or inhibit happiness. In these melodramas upper classes are typically portrayed by means of negative conventions (immorality, decadence, ruthlessness), while various positive qualities are attributed to the members of lower classes (innocence, altruism, humanism). In this paper, we explore the use of class phenomenon in the Turkish melodrama of the 1960s and the 1970s as a way of creating a societal background for the ‘impossible love’.
Open Access
Complexity of socio-spatial transformations through tourism: a Mediterranean Village, Kaleköy
(Routledge, 2004) Incirlioğlu, E. O.; Çulcuoğlu, G.
This article reflects on the complex consequences of tourism development in the isolated Mediterranean village of Kaleko¨y. Built on the antique city of Simena of the 4th century BC and having remnants also from Hellenistic, Byzantine and Ottoman periods, Kaleko¨y’s main source of livelihood since the 1980s has been tourism. Multiple changes that take place simultaneously at the local level, in relation to or as a consequence of tourism, are conceptualised as interrelated transformations that may fall under the four major headings of economy, demography, spatial organisation and cognition. Defining culture as ‘everything learned’, these transformations amount to a radical change in the local culture, which now includes a culture of tourism. Based on ethnographic research, the article aims to demonstrate the complexity of changes in physical, as well as economic and social structures as they pertain to tourism.
Open Access
The changing roles of female labour in economic expansion and decline: the case of Istanbul clothing industry
(Wiley‐Blackwell, 2005) Eraydın, A.; Erendil, Asuman T.; Nelson, L.; Seager, J.
In this chapter, we use our research on female labor in Istanbul’s clothing industry to examine the effects of industrial boom and bust cycles on women’s lives.1 First, we trace how women gained entry into new globally oriented production systems during the clothing industry boom period (1980–95), exploring how entry into factory production shifted women’s identities and roles both in the family and in society. We argue that the restructuring of production not only generates new labor processes, but also creates new relations between home and work (see also Nippert-Eng, 1996; Castells, 1997; Weyland, 1997; Felstead and Jewson, 2000). Second, we examine how this segment of labor has been affected during the periods of vulnerability and economic downturn after 1995. Our analysis demonstrates that as the state loses capacity to intervene during cyclical economic downturns, women workers suffer most directly because of their more marginal position in the labor market. The article is divided into four main sections. The first section briefly discusses theoretical debates that shape our inquiry, while the second section examines the structural characteristics of a rapidly expanding clothing industry during the late 1980s and early 1990s in Turkey. The third section turns to the changing work patterns and identities of women workers during those years of rapid growth in the clothing industry. We argue that the incorporation of women into the clothing industry, usually second-generation migrants from rural Turkey, had a significant impact on gender identities and roles within migrant families. The fourth section traces the ripple effect of economic crisis, and the contraction of the clothing industry (2000–1), on women’s identities and family survival strategies. Our conclusion reflects upon the challenges of analyzing the dynamics of gender and work on global assembly lines prone to cyclical downturns such as those that have occurred in the Turkish textile industry.
Open Access
The changing patterns of segregation and exclusive in the case of Ankara: Part 2: spatial manifestations 1920-50, 1950-80 and after 1980
(Surrey, 2005) Türkün, A.; Altay, D.
Open Access
The changing patterns of segregation and exclusive in the case of Ankara: Part 1: chronological background survey
(Surrey, 2005) Altay, D.; Türkün, A.
Open Access
The Changing pattern of segregation and exclusion: The case of Ankara
(Rawat Publications, 2007) Altay, Deniz; Türkün, Asuman; Sandhu, R. S.; Sandhu, J.
Open Access
Toplumcu bir belediyecilik modeli: "yeni belediyecilik hareketi" 1973–1977
(Mülkiyeliler Birliği Genel Merkezi, 2010) Batuman, Bülent
1973 ve 1980 yılları arasında CHP’nin yönetimi altında bulunan belediyelerde üretilen ve söz konusu dönemde “yeni”, “devrimci” veya “toplumcu” belediyecilik hareketi olarak isimlendirilen program karşı-hegemonik bir kentsel politika sürecinin bileşeni olarak ortaya çıkmış ve birkaç açıdan dikkate değer özgüllükler barındırmıştır. Her şeyden önce bu programın oluşumu çeşitli disiplinlere mensup kentleşme uzmanlarının katkısıyla ve emekçi sınıfların henüz formüle edilmemiş taleplerine karşılık olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İkinci olarak, bu hareket Türkiye’de ilk kez yerel yönetimin özerkliği yönünde bir talebin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Üçüncü olarak ise, yeni belediyecilik hareketinin gündemine aldığı uygulamalar kentsel emekçi sınıfların toplumsal bir özne olarak ortaya çıkmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Makale, Türkiye’deki yerel yönetim geleneğine kısa bir bakışın ardından, 1973–1977 döneminin belediyecilik pratiklerini incelemekte ve son olarak yeni belediyecilik hareketinin uygulamalarını bir üst ölçekte toplumcu bir belediyecilik modeli için geçerli olabilecek boyutlarıyla değerlendirmektedir.
Open Access
Bioethics committees and examining consent within the patient-physician relationship in Turkey
(Yozmot Heiliger (1989) Ltd., 2010) Büken, N. O.; Arapkirlioglu, K.
Clinical exercises include questions about a physician's behaviour, decision making process, values, rights and responsibilities, as much as the scientific-technical questions concerning the disease. Some of these questions may be easily answered, for there are well constructed activity options that have found widespread acceptance regarding what has to be done. However, it is quite difficult to answer the questions with problematic options, or the ones on which a compromised attitude is not present. Patient participation in treatment-related decision-making has been promoted as being ethically and clinically desirable in Western countries. Several studies have indicated that patient participation in decision-making has a positive influence on their health outcomes, thereby increasing patient satisfaction regarding medical care and promoting patient autonomy. Over the last decade, patient involvement in treatment-related decision-making has been widely advocated in Turkey, where patient physician encounters are still under the influence of the long-standing tradition of paternalism. Despite this profound change in clinical practice, studies investigating the actual preferences of Turkish people regarding involvement in treatment-related decision-making are limited. In Turkey, to protect the rights of patients, current Govermental requirements mandate that all human biomedical research and medical intervention be accompanied by a consent form that contains the information necessary for an informed decision. In addition, they require that the information provided to the subject or the representative shall be explained in appropriate language. Especially after the new regulations in the Turkish Penal Code, physicians and nurses have started to be more sensitive towards informed consent and have become more conscious about their responsibilities. It has started to be questioned more, and as a result, the problems experienced about patient consent in medical applications created new ethical dilemmas. Informed consent is acknowledged to be the most essential constituent of patient rights today. In this paper, after introducing a general overview of the significance and requirements of informed consent, we will consecutively discuss the decision making and informed consent process, legal arrangements concerning this issue in Turkey, the approaches of physicians and patients towards the topic, and regarding informed consent, we will discuss the responsibilities of hospital ethics committees.
Open Access
Kentsel politikada yeni biçim arayışları: 2009 yerel seçimleri ve Ankara’da “Belediye Yönetimlerinde Saltanata Son” kampanyası
(Dipnot Basın Yayın Pazarlama Ltd. Şti., 2010) Batuman, Bülent; Karakuş-Candan, T.
55 yıllık tarihi boyunca kentsel politika süreçlerinin önemli bir aktörü olmuş bulunan Mimarlar Odası’nın kentsel mücadele alanındaki etkinliği genel olarak kurumsal ve hukuki süreçler içinde tariflidir. Yerel yönetimlerin keyfi ve anti-demokratik uygulamalarının en yoğun deneylendiği kentlerden olan Ankara’da faaliyet gösteren Mimarlar Odası Ankara Şubesi, 2009 Yerel Seçimleri sürecinde mevcut etkinlik çerçevesinin dışına çıkan aktivist bir kentsel mücadele yöntemi arayışına girmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, Oda’nın çağrıştırdığı kurumsal sınırlamaları aşmak ve yeni bir kentsel mücadele dili üretmek hedefiyle “Saltanata Son” adlı bir kampanya düzenlemiştir. Kampanyanın dikkat çekici özelliği, son yıllarda özellikle internet üzerinden örgütlenen ve kent mekânının anlık, hızlı ve çarpıcı kullanımları ile karakterize olan ve literatürde “flash-mob” ve “smart-mob” gibi kavramlarla tanımlanan eylem türlerinden ilham almış olmasıdır. Kampanya, yerel yönetim seçimlerinin sonuçları açısından başarısızlığa uğramış olsa da, örgütlediği katılımcı süreç ve öne sürdüğü kentsel taleplerin gördüğü genel kabul, kampanyanın dikkate değer bir kentsel mücadele deneyimi olduğunu göstermektedir.
Open Access
The shape of the nation: visual production of nationalism through maps in Turkey
(Elsevier, 2010) Batuman, B.
Nationalism, as a political discourse requiring a fundamental connection to a particular territory has constantly referred to maps as evidence of the eternal existence of the respective nation. In the case of modern Turkey, the national map has been a symptomatic signifier of a constant anxiety of territorial loss. Built around such anxiety, Turkish nationalism has been sensitive towards the borders defining national territory. This article analyzes the use of national maps as instruments for the cultural production of nationalism in Turkey throughout the last three decades. In the process, it is intended to differentiate between official maps produced under state authority and popular maps circulated in mass media. Throughout the 1980s, national maps included in school textbooks presented a country surrounded by hostile neighbors on all sides, in tune with the political climate of the Cold War. A crucial aspect of these official maps was the cartographic awareness they generated which, in the following decade, would become operational in the widespread use of the map as a nationalist sign. With the emergence of the Kurdish question in the 1990s, the national map became a key instrument in promoting nationalist sentiments with the invention of the flag-map logo as a favorite symbol. After the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the Kurdish issue was projected on to Northern Iraq, and a new mode of cartographic representation was invented. "Appropriated maps" produced through the digital retouching of random maps found on the Internet visualized irredentist desires enlarging the country's territory especially into Northern Iraq and invoking the Ottoman past. These maps, which consciously distorted geographical information, turned to historical references to sustain their cartographic validity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Open Access
Early Republican Ankara: struggle over historical representation and the politics of urban historiography
(Sage, 2011) Batuman, B.
This article discusses the emergence of a particular historical representation: that of "early republican Ankara." Becoming the capital of the newly born Turkish nation-state in 1923, Ankara was conceived as the symbolic locus of Turkish modernization. The old Ottoman town was rapidly transformed into a modern capital. However, "early republican Ankara" as a historiographic category is a product of the 1990s. In this period, two distinct representations of the city surfaced. One was the outcome of the incorporation of the postmodern critique of modernization into Turkish political history and was supported by the growing interest in urban studies. The other was a direct product of the nationalist call of the Turkish political establishment in the face of pressure from Kurdish nationalism and political Islam. Within this context, the notion of "early republican Ankara" emerged as a nostalgic image to promote national unity.
Open Access
Minarets without mosques: limits to the urban politics of neo-liberal islamism
(SAGE, 2013) Batuman, B.
This paper discusses urban politics in contemporary Turkey through a particular architectural phenomenon: that of minarets without mosques. Local administrations under neo-liberal Islamists propose urban regeneration projects which require extensive demolitions in squatter areas. Yet, their reluctance to tear down minarets creates ruinscapes in which minarets seem to have miraculously survived destruction. In this regard, the minarets without mosques should be understood as symptoms of urban transformation led by neo-liberal Islamism. Neo-liberal Islamists envisage these projects as spatial forms of politics of convergence, juxtaposing slum upgrading with luxurious housing within the unifying cultural codes of Islam. It is proposed to interpret these minarets not as bearers of religious symbolism but as nodes within the urban network of everyday life referring to Lefebvre's concept of rhythmanalysis. Viewed in this way, it becomes possible for the minarets to take on new meanings and serve as signs of the displacement of the squatters.