Based on the structure of the economy in general but especially focusing on the duality patterns laid out in Chapter 2, this chapter first examines the recent energy and environment statistics in Turkey, and second, evaluates the existing (energy and environmental) policy framework and future potential of these policies in terms of their implications for climate change. We argue that the lack of mitigation at the aggregate national level finds its manifestation in the widening gap across regional GHG emissions as a consequence of the dual economic structure and the lack of differential policies across the regions.