Browsing by Subject "Time domain analysis"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 49

Open Access
2D anisotropic photonic crystals of hollow semiconductor nanorod with liquid crystals
(2013) Karaomerlioglu F.; Şimsek, Şevket; Mamedov, Amirullah M.; Özbay, Ekmel
Photonic crystals (PCs) have many applications in order to control light-wave propagation. A novel type of two-dimensional anisotropic PC is investigated band gap and optical properties as a hollow semiconductor nanorod with nematicliquid crystals (LC). The PC structure composed of an anisotropic nematicLC in semiconductor square hollow nanorod is designed using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It has been used 5CB (4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl) as LC core, and Tellurium (Te) as square hollow nanorod material.The PC with hollow Tenanorod with nematicLC is compared with the PC with solid Tenanorodand the PC with hollow Tenanorod. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
Open Access
Accurate plane-wave excitation in the FDTD method
(IEEE, 1997) Gürel, Levent; Oğuz, Uğur; Arıkan, Orhan
Different techniques are developed to implement plane-wave excitation on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, such as the initial-condition, the hard-source, and the connecting-condition techniques, for the total-field/scattered field (TF/SF) formulation. In the TF/SF formulation, the incident field is computed and fed to the 3D FDTD grid on the boundary separating the total-field and the scattered-field regions. Since the incedent field is a known quantity, a closed-form expression can be evaluated on every point of this boundary. A more efficient way of computing the incedent field is by using an incedent-field array (IFA), which is a 1D FDTD grid set-up to numerically propagate the incedent field into the 3D FDTD.
Open Access
Activity recognition invariant to sensor orientation with wearable motion sensors
(MDPI AG, 2017) Yurtman, A.; Barshan, B.
Most activity recognition studies that employ wearable sensors assume that the sensors are attached at pre-determined positions and orientations that do not change over time. Since this is not the case in practice, it is of interest to develop wearable systems that operate invariantly to sensor position and orientation. We focus on invariance to sensor orientation and develop two alternative transformations to remove the effect of absolute sensor orientation from the raw sensor data. We test the proposed methodology in activity recognition with four state-of-the-art classifiers using five publicly available datasets containing various types of human activities acquired by different sensor configurations. While the ordinary activity recognition system cannot handle incorrectly oriented sensors, the proposed transformations allow the sensors to be worn at any orientation at a given position on the body, and achieve nearly the same activity recognition performance as the ordinary system for which the sensor units are not rotatable. The proposed techniques can be applied to existing wearable systems without much effort, by simply transforming the time-domain sensor data at the pre-processing stage. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Open Access
Analysis of errors in zero-free-parameter modeling approach to predict the voltage of electrochemical energy storage systems under arbitrary load
(Electrochemical Society, 2017) Ulgut, Burak; Uzundal, Can Berk; Özdemir, Elif
In a recently published article (J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) A1274-A1280), we described a new method to predict the voltage response of electrochemical energy storage systems during arbitrary load profiles. Our work shows that the impedance spectrum can be employed in the frequency domain in order to ultimately calculate the time domain behavior of the electrochemical energy storage system. The big advantage of this method is the fact that there are no free parameters and fits throughout. The present work deals with the sources of error in the above-mentioned prediction approach and looks for the effects of the various sources of error. The current analysis concludes that two big contributors to the overall error are the inaccuracies in the DC part of the prediction and the non-linearities that are not modeled by a linear impedance spectrum. Discussions are also made regarding ways to improve the performance of the modeling approach the most and where future work is going to be looking to improve.
Open Access
Analytical evaluation of the MoM matrix elements
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1996-04) Alatan, L.; Aksun, M. I.; Mahadevan, K.; Birand, M. T.
Derivation of the closed-form Green's functions has eliminated the computationally expensive evaluation of the Sommerfeld integrals to obtain the Green's functions in the spatial domain. Therefore, using the closed-form Green's functions in conjunction with the method of moments (MoM) has unproved the computational efficiency of the technique significantly. Further improvement can be achieved on the calculation of the matrix elements involved in the MoM, usually double integrals for planar geometries, by eliminating the numerical integration. The contribution of this paper is to present the analytical evaluation of the matrix elements when the closed-form Green's functions are used, and to demonstrate the amount of improvement in computation time. © 1996 IEEE.
Open Access
Application of signal-processing techniques to dipole excitations in the finite-difference time-domain method
(Taylor & Francis, 2002) Oğuz, U.; Gürel, Levent
The applications of discrete-time signal-processing techniques, such as windowing and filtering for the purpose of implementing accurate excitation schemes in the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are demonstrated. The effects of smoothing windows of various lengths and digital lowpass filters of various bandwidths and characteristics are investigated on finite-source excitations of the FDTD computational domain. Both single-frequency sinusoidal signals and multifrequency arbitrary signals are considered.
Open Access
Application of signal-processing techniques to reduce the errors related to the FDTD excitations
(IEEE, 2001) Gürel, Levent; Oğuz, Uğur
A study on the reduction of the errors related to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) excitations was performed by employing signal-processing techniques. Plane-wave scattering problems were simulated. The improvements in both plane-wave and finite-source excitation schemes were demonstrated. The result showed that a visible DC offset value was exhibited even after five periods of the incident wave.
Open Access
Band gap and optical transmission in the Fibonacci type one-dimensional A5B6C7 based photonic crystals
(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2015) Simsek S.; Koc, H.; Palaz S.; Oltulu, O.; Mamedov, A. M.; Özbay, Ekmel
In this work, we present an investigation of the optical properties and band structure calculations for the photonic crystal structures (PCs) based on one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal. Here we use 1D A5B6C7(A:Sb; B:S,Se; C:I) based layers in air background. We have theoretically calculated photonic band structure and optical properties of A5B6C7(A:Sb; B:S,Se; C:I) based PCs. In our simulation, we employed the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) technique and the plane wave expansion method (PWE) which implies the solution of Maxwell equations with centered finite-difference expressions for the space and time derivatives. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Band-dropping via coupled photonic crystal waveguides
(Optical Society of American (OSA), 2002) Bayındır, Mehmet; Özbay, Ekmel
We observe the dropping of electromagnetic waves having a specific frequency or a certain frequency band in two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals. The single frequency is dropped via cavity-waveguide coupling. Tunability of the demultiplexing mode can be achieved by modifying the cavity properties. The band-dropping phenomenon is achieved by introducing interaction between an input planar, or coupled-cavity, waveguide and the output coupled-cavity waveguides (CCWs). The dropping band can be tuned by changing the coupling strength between the localized cavity modes of the output CCWs. We also calculate the transmission spectra and the field patterns by using the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. Calculated results agree well with the microwave measurements. © 2002 Optical Society of America.
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Circuit theoretical method for efficient finite element analysis of acoustical problems
(IEEE, 1998) Ekinci, A. Suat; Atalar, Abdullah
In the last decade, there has been an outstanding improvement in the computer aided design tools for VLSI circuits regarding solution times and the circuit complexity. This study proposes formulating the acoustic field analysis problem using FEM, and employing the recent speed-up techniques used in the circuit simulators. In this work, total mass, stiffness and damping matrices are obtained using the FE approach, and piped into a computer program which generates an equivalent SPICE compatible circuit netlist. This approach makes it possible to use the most recent circuit simulation techniques to simulate the acoustical problems. The equivalent electrical circuit is a resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit containing controlled sources to handle the couplings. The circuit matrices are 6 times larger but are sparser. We analyze these circuits with a general-purpose circuit simulation program, HSPICE, which provides high accuracy solutions in a short time. We also use an in-house developed circuit simulation program, MAWE, which makes use of asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) technique that has been successfully used in circuit simulation for solutions of large sets of equations. The results obtained on several problems, which are solved in time and frequency domains using circuit simulators and the FE analysis program ANSYS, match each other pretty well. Using circuit simulators instead of conventional method improves simulation speed without a significant loss of accuracy.
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Compact wavelength de-multiplexer design using slow light regime of photonic crystal waveguides
(Optical Society of American (OSA), 2011) Akosman, A.E.; Mutlu, M.; Kurt H.; Özbay, Ekmel
We demonstrate the operation of a compact wavelength demultiplexer using cascaded single-mode photonic crystal waveguides utilizing the slow light regime. By altering the dielectric filling factors of each waveguide segment, we numerically and experimentally show that different frequencies are separated at different locations along the waveguide. In other words, the beams of different wavelengths are spatially dropped along the transverse to the propagation direction. We numerically verified the spatial shifts of certain wavelengths by using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The presented design can be extended to de-multiplex more wavelengths by concatenating additional photonic crystal waveguides with different filling factors. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
Open Access
Comparative evaluation of absorbing boundary conditions using Green's functions for layered media
(IEEE, 1995) Aksun, M. İrşadi; Dural, G.
Absorbing boundary conditions are comparatively studied using the Green's functions of the vector and scalar potentials for multilayer geometries and general sources. The absorbing boundaries are introduced as additional layers with predefined reflection coefficients into the calculation of the Green's functions. The Green's functions are calculated using different reflection coefficients corresponding to different absorbing boundaries and compared to those obtained with no absorbing boundary. This approach provides an absolute measure of the effectiveness of different absorbing boundaries.
Open Access
Comparative evaluation of absorbing boundary conditions using Green's functions for layered media
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1996-02) Aksun, M. İrşadi; Dural, G.
Absorbing boundary conditions are comparatively studied using the Green's functions of the vector and scalar potentials for multilayer geometries and general sources. Since the absorbing boundaries are introduced as additional layers with predefined reflection coefficients into the calculation of the Green's functions, this approach provides an absolute measure of the effectiveness of different absorbing boundaries. The Green's functions are calculated using different reflection coefficients corresponding to different absorbing boundaries and compared to those obtained with no absorbing boundary. It is observed that the perfectly matched layer (PML) is by far the best among the other absorbing boundary conditions whose reflection coefficients are available.
Open Access
Coupled-cavity structures in photonic crystals
(Materials Research Society, 2002) Bayındır, Mehmet; Özbay, Ekmel
We investigate the localized coupled-cavity modes in two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals. The transmission, phase, and delay time characteristics of the various coupled-cavity structures are measured and calculated. We observed waveguiding through the coupled cavities, splitting of electromagnetic waves in waveguide ports, and switching effect in such structures. The corresponding field patterns and the transmission spectra are obtained from the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations. We also develop a theory based on the classical wave analog of the tight-binding (TB) approximation in solid state physics. Experimental results are in good agreement with the FDTD simulations and predictions of the TB approximation.
Open Access
Detection of insect damaged wheat kernels by impact acoustics
(IEEE, 2005-03) Pearson, T. C.; Çetin, A. Enis; Tewfik, A. H.
Insect damaged wheat kernels (IDK) are characterized by a small hole bored into the kernel by insect larvae. This damage decreases flour quality as insect proteins interfere with the bread-making biochemistry and insect fragments are very unsightly. A prototype system was set up to detect IDK by dropping them onto a steel plate and processing the acoustic signal generated when kernels impact the plate. The acoustic signal was processed by three different methods: 1) modeling of the signal in the time domain, 2) computing time domain signal variances in short time windows, and 3), analysis of the frequency spectra magnitudes. Linear discriminant analysis was used to select a subset of features and perform classification. 98% of un-damaged kernels and 84.4% of IDK were correctly classified.
Open Access
Direct imaging of localized surface plasmon polaritons
(Optical Society of America, 2011-08) Balcı, Sinan; Karademir, Ertuğrul; Kocabaş, Coşkun; Aydınlı, Atilla
In this Letter, we report on dark field imaging of localized surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in plasmonic waveguiding bands formed by plasmonic coupled cavities. We image the light scattered from SPPs in the plasmonic cavities excited by a tunable light source. Tuning the excitation wavelength, we measure the localization and dispersion of the plasmonic cavity mode. Dark field imaging has been achieved in the Kretschmann configuration using a supercontinuum white-light laser equipped with an acoustooptic tunable filter. Polarization dependent spectroscopic reflection and dark field imaging measurements are correlated and found to be in agreement with finite-difference time-domain calculations.
Open Access
An efficient algorithm to extract components of a composite signal
(IEEE, 2000) Özdemir, A. Kemal; Arıkan, Orhan
An efficient algorithm is proposed to extract components of a composite signal. The proposed approach has two stages of processing in which the time-frequency supports of the individual signal components are identified and then the individual components are estimated by performing a simple time-frequency domain incision on the identified support of the component. The use of a recently proposed time-frequency representation [1] significantly improves the performance of the proposed approach by providing very accurate description on the auto-Wigner terms of the composite signal. Then, simple fractional Fourier domain incision provides reliable estimates for each of the signal components in O(N log N) complexity for a composite signal of duration N.
Open Access
Enhanced transmission of microwave radiation in one-dimensional metallic gratings with subwavelength aperture
(American Institute of Physics, 2004) Akarca-Biyikli, S. S.; Bulu, I.; Özbay, Ekmel
We report a theoretical and experimental demonstration of enhanced microwave transmission through subwavelength apertures in metallic structures with double-sided gratings. Three different types of aluminum gratings (sinusoidal, symmetric rectangular, and asymmetric rectangular shaped) are designed and analyzed. Our samples have a periodicity of 16 mm, and a slit width of 2 mm. Transmission measurements are taken in the 10–37.5 GHz frequency spectrum, which corresponds to 8–30 mm wavelength region. All three structures display significantly enhanced transmission around surface plasmon resonance frequencies. The experimental results agree well with finite-difference-time-domain based theoretical simulations. Asymmetric rectangular grating structure exhibits the best results with ,50% transmission at 20.7 mm, enhancement factor of ,25, and ±4° angular divergence.
Open Access
Fast computation of the ambiguity function and the Wigner distribution on arbitrary line segments
(IEEE, 2001) Özdemir, A. K.; Arıkan, Orhan
By using the fractional Fourier transformation of the time-domain signals, closed-form expressions for the projections of their auto or cross ambiguity functions are derived. Based on a similar formulation for the projections of the auto and cross Wigner distributions and the well known two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier transformation relationship between the ambiguity and Wigner domains, closed-form expressions are obtained for the slices of both the Wigner distribution and the ambiguity function. By using discretization of the obtained analytical expressions, efficient algorithms are proposed to compute uniformly spaced samples of the Wigner distribution and the ambiguity function located on arbitrary line segments. With repeated use of the proposed algorithms, samples in the Wigner or ambiguity domains can be computed on non-Cartesian sampling grids, such as polar grids.
Open Access
FDTD simulations of multiple GPR systems
(IEEE, 2003-06) Oǧuz, Uğur; Gürel, Levent
A multiple-GPR detection system was simulated. The main advantage of such a system was that it saves time by detecting both the transverse and the longitudinal positions of the target by a B-scan measurement, whereas the same detection can be achieved by a C-scan with a single-GPR system. Finite-domain time-difference (FDTD) method was employed to perform the simulations, in which the ground was homogeneous and the target was perfectly conducting.