Browsing by Subject "Terrorism"

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1990-2000 yıllarında Türkiye’deki enerji hatlarına yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen terör saldırılarının Türkiye’nin enerji güvenilirliğine etkileri
(Bilkent University, 2023) Yeşilbağ, İlkin; Uçar, Batuhan; Uçar, Furkan; Timur, Mert; Tosun, Erdem Ata
Türkiye, jeopolitik konumundan ötürü tarih boyunca çeşitli doğal kaynakların elde edilmesinde ve bu kaynakların verimli bir şekilde kullanılmasında rol oynamıştır. Türkiye’de hem devlet desteği hem de yabancı firmaların kurduğu petrol çıkarma merkezleri sayesinde enerji sektörü gelişim göstermeye başlamıştı. Ancak yapılan yenilikler bazı oluşumlar veya kişiler tarafından negatif olarak görülmüş ve yapılan yeniliklerin ve gelişmelerin önünü kesmeyi hedeflemiştir. 1980’li yıllarda petrol sahalarında terör saldırılarının görülme sıklığı artmaya başlamıştır. On yıl artışı devam eden terör, her mücadelenin ardından bir sonraki saldırıya karşı gerekli önlemlerin alınması ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti askeri tarafından dönemin iktidarının bölgede aldığı kararlar doğrultusunda sönümlenmiştir. Enerji merkezlerine yönelik terör saldırılarının yoğunluğunun azalmasına rağmen terör ardında can kayıpları ve ekonomik bırakmıştır. Birçok asker, mühendis ve sivil vatandaş bu saldırılar sonucu hayatını kaybettiği bu saldırılar Türkiye’nin hem yurtiçi hem de yurt dışında enerji güvenilirliğine etkisi olmuştur.
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Anlatıların Anlatısı
(1994) Oktay, Ahmet
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Arguments; The Politics of Terror
(1973) Jay, Martin
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Çocuklarımız
(1994) Fuat, Memet
Open Access
Cognitive and emotional representations of terror attacks: a cross-cultural exploration
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2007) Shiloh, S.; Güvenç, G.; Önkal D.
A questionnaire measuring cognitive and affective representations of terror risk was developed and tested in Turkey and Israel. Participants in the study were university students from the two countries (n = 351). Four equivalent factors explained terror risk cognitions in each sample: costs, vulnerability, trust, and control. A single negative emotionality factor explained the affective component of terror risk representations in both samples. All factors except control could be measured reliably. Results supported the validity of the questionnaire by showing expected associations between cognitions and emotions, as well as indicating gender differences and cultural variations. Current findings are discussed in relation to previous results, theoretical approaches, and practical implications.
Open Access
Conceptualizing the definition of terrorism in light of the developments in the fields of academics, history and legislation
(2005) Sözübir, Ufuk
The basic question to be answered in this thesis is: Is there a way to reach a consensus about a generally accepted definition of terrorism by using the perspectives of history and legitimacy in the World Community? The solution to the problem about the definition of terrorism is an important question because of the sensitivities displayed by the nations of different regions and their different perceptions of terror. The questions about the nature of the terrorists, their motivation, their aims and the methods they use to achieve these aims are still being debated world-wide. On the other hand, terrorists also have the ability and possibility to reach the same sources regarding history and legitimacy; therefore it may be thought that, they have a variety of options about learning how to become more deadly without taking all the population of the target community to the opposite side. To fight terrorism effectively, what is needed first is to know who the enemy is. In this thesis, the answer to this question is carefully analyzed and a solution is offered. Brief information about the background of terror events in history and jurisprudence concerning national and international community is added to help understand the subject. Instead of putting up a certain and complete definition that may lead to many misunderstandings and a danger of constriction of the concept, the preconditions to make an efficient definition of terror is explained. This is important because there are certain difficulties in discriminating terrorists from other types of criminals, especially guerilla fighters and organized criminals. In this thesis, the purpose of the guerilla activities and their methods, also the differences and common points of these two are analyzed and explained. As an accessory, the statistics of terror events between 1973- 2003 are included in the thesis.
Open Access
The conflict resolution and counterterrorism dilemma: Turkey faces its Kurdish question
(Taylor & Francis, 2011) Aydinli, E.; Ozcan, N. A.
This article considers the relationship between two processes-conflict resolution and counterterrorism-which conceptually share many common points, yet in practice do not necessarily proceed together easily towards a common goal. Considering particular cases of ethnic conflict in which terrorist factions exist, the article argues that while neither conflict resolution nor counterterrorism alone can adequately address the problem, simultaneously conducting both must keep in mind the processes' inherent differences and avoid excessive prioritizing of one over the other. By exploring recent Turkish governmental initiatives to address the Kurdish question, the article attempts to provide an outline for how to successfully cope with the two processes simultaneously.
Open Access
Deterrence and transnational attacks by domestic terrorist organizations: The case of the PKK attacks in Germany
(2015-07) Özkan, Alperen
Building on the “strategy of terrorism” theory (Neumann and Smith, 2008), and the “opportunity and willingness” pre-theoretical framework (Most and Starr, 1989), this thesis analyzes the relationship between offensive deterrence and transnational attacks by domestic terrorist organizations. Counterterrorism studies have been dealing with the effects of deterrence-based and conciliatory counterterrorism measures on the tactics of terrorist organizations and their willingness to commit violence. Transnational attacks represent a tactical response to offensive deterrence for domestic terrorist organizations at the target response stage of their campaign. This tactical response should be analyzed by looking at opportunity and willingness structures of the terrorist organization. Regarding opportunity, I argue that the size of diaspora population from home country increases the likelihood of transnational attacks at the host country. Secondly, I contend that offensive deterrence in home country increases the willingness of the terrorist organization to perpetrate transnational attacks. In order to test these hypotheses, a case study of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) attacks in Germany is conducted using qualitative data and descriptive statistics. The PKK is investigated throughout disorientation stage during 1984-1992 period, target response stage during 1992-1999 period, and partly overlapping with target response, gaining legitimacy stage after 1995. The variance in the number of the PKK attacks in Germany over these stages is explained using official data on the number of the PKK militants killed per year and an original dataset on military operations against the PKK, assembled by surveying the archives of two major Turkish dailies.
Open Access
Engaging in duty of care: Towards a terrorism preparedness plan
(Routledge, 2019) Harvey, M.; Dabic, M.; Kiessling, Tim; Maley, J.; Moeller, M.
A minor digression, if you will: it has been over 30 years since I (referring to lead author) first wrote on the topic of terrorism and its potential impact on conducting business in a global context. The most vivid memory I have relative to that initial foray into this new topic was making a presentation at the annual summer American Marketing Association (AMA) conference in Chicago. I got halfway through the paper and I started to hear jeering noises emanating from the audience. As I remember (it is not a pleasant memory), the audience thought that I had lost my mind and that the reviewers of the paper allowed this rubbish into the AMA meeting (the implication was that they must have been drinking at the time). This is a true account of the presentation and when I left the session, I would be dishonest if I didn’t tell you that I had made a terrible error and there would be significant ramifications to my young academic career. Yet, no country is untouched by global terrorism today, and the ramifications for global organizations are escalating year by year.
Open Access
Eradicating terrorism in asymmetric conflict: the role and essence of military deterrence
(Routledge, 2020) Coşar, Mustafa; Cafnik-Uludağ, Petra
This study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the impact and effectiveness of Turkey’s deterrence-oriented incapacitation effort throughout Turkey’s PKK conflict (1984–2018). By employing vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis, this study quantitatively finds that incapacitation did not reduce PKK violence over the long term and yielded a short-term counterproductive effect. Descriptive analysis asserts that while incapacitation had important mid-term deterring effects, it did not have any sustainable mitigation on the PKK insurrection. This is because, as this study argues, these deterrent impacts were not strategically converted into political gains/results. Considering the latest phase of the conflict, in which Turkey’s intra-state strife has become increasingly regionalized and lately internationalized in military and political terms with the emergence of the Syrian civil war, particularly the rise of the People’s Protection Units (YPG), this study claims that the sole application of an incapacitation-oriented eliminationist approach has become less relevant and less effective. The study suggests that deterrence should be considered within the strategic tit-for-tat game to force/compel the non-state actor to make the conflict more manageable by transforming it in a strategic way, in which strategy of deterrence is to be attached to visionary, long-term, and viable grand strategic political end-states and to be considered within the grand bargaining game.
Open Access
From finances to transnational mobility: searching for the global Jihadists' achilles heel
(Routledge, 2006) Aydinli, E.
This article seeks to uncover a primary source of vulnerability in the global Jihadist terrorist network. It offers a critical examination of the traditional money lead for countering global Jihadist terrorism, and concludes that in this case, it is not the most effective method. Rather, the concept of transnational mobility, both as it relates to socialization into and professionalization within the Jihadist network, is identified as the lifeblood of the network, and thus an arguably more appropriate focus for countering strategies. Issues surrounding travel document security are analysed within an overarching dichotomous framework of offensive/defensive counter-terrorism strategies, emphasizing the need for active penetration by intelligence forces into the terrorist networks and relevant mobility-related realms.
Open Access
A global authority—classical arguments and new issues
(Berghahn Books Inc., 2005-04) Korab-Karpowicz, W. J.
[No abstract available]
Open Access
The 'greater middle east' as a 'modern' geopolitical imagination in American foreign policy
(Routledge, 2010) Güney, A.; Gökcan, F.
This article aims at analysing how the September 11 terrorist attacks have caused the formation of a new geopolitical vision of an area called the 'Greater Middle East' and how this formation has led to changes in US foreign policy towards this region. To do that, the article first presents a theoretical background against which the modern geopolitical imagination of the USA is formulated. It considers the links between national traumas/myths, geopolitical codes and visions, and foreign policy actions. The article then applies this analysis to the case of the Greater Middle East with respect to how this imagined geography shapes the foreign and security policy of the USA. It concludes that even though this imagined region has been presented in texts as justifying US-led policies with liberal underpinnings, it has in reality laid the ground for and been used for justifying US extra-territorial intervention in the region. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Gündelik Olaylar
(1993) Oktay, Ahmet
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Herkes yalan söylüyorsa
(1995) Fuat, Memet
Open Access
Hukukun terörle sınavı
(Türkiye Adalet Akademisi, 2011) Selçuk, Sami
Terör(izm) bir azınlığın zor/şiddet/dehşet yolu ile iradesini halkın/çoğunluğun irade-sine kabul ettirmek için başvurduğu meşru siyasete katılma sürecinin dışında kalan hukuk dışı bir araç ve dolayısıyla suçtur. Terörü oluşturan iki öğeden biri zor/şiddet, öbürü düzene karşı oluştur. Kurulu dü-zen, toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasal kesimlerden oluşan bir bütündür. Her hukuk düzeni, doğal olarak toplumsal yaşamla bağdaşmayana istekleri sınırlayacak ve çıkarlar arasında bir denge kuracaktır. Bu dengeyi kurmak için kurallara gerek bu-lunmaktadır. Bu kuralların bütünü kuşkusuz aynı zamanda devlet düzenini de oluştu-racaktır. Böylece devlet toplumsal düzeni sağlayan ve hukuksal kişiliği bulunan vazgeçilmez bir araç-değerdir. Bu araç-değer, en az üç öğeye sahiptir: Ülke, insan topluluğu ve iktidar. Bu üç öğenin örelenmesine hiçbir devlet katlanamaz ve izin veremez. Bu yüzden söz konusu araç-değeri korumak için her ülkenin yasalarında devlete ve ulusa karşı suçlara yer verilmiştir. Terör suçu, özünde “özel kasıt’la ve/ya edilgin özneler konusunda ayrım gözetmediğinden ve etkin özne, davranışlarının sonuçlarını göze alarak suç işlediğinde “olası kasıt”la da işlenen bir suçtur. Terör suçlusu, demokratik düzende, her şeye karşın, bir “vahşi” “av hayvanı” muamelesi göremez. Böyle yapılırsa, nazizm ve/ya komünizm gibi tümelci rejimlerde geçerli olan “fail suç hukuku”na dönülmüş olur. Türk suç hukuku sistemi, özgürlükçü suç hukuku sisteminden esinlenmiştir ve “eylem suç hukuku”na dayanır.
Open Access
The impact of 2003 us-led invasion on the rise of terrorism in Iraq
(2016-06) Ağalday, Burak
The thesis argues that the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq has created the contributing factors for the rise of radicalism and the rise of violent organizations in Iraq. In this study, military and political aspects of the US practices in Iraq after the invasion are scrutinized to highlight the contributing factors that have led to radicalism and emergence of an alleged state, the ISIS, and violent organizations. The study illustrates how the US-led invasion for "War on Terror" has turned out to be a contributing factor for radicalism and terrorism. Firstly, the conditions that promote terrorism are highlighted depending on the large-N studies in the literature. Secondly, how the US political and military practices in Iraq have paved the way for these conditions are analyzed based on two indicators, namely political discrimination and seeking for revenge. In addition, the problem that how these two indicators influenced people’s decision to join the violent organizations is highlighted. As a result of this study, I find that the US involvement in Iraq in the name of "War on Terror" has contributed to the rise of terrorism.
Open Access
International terrorism in the age of globalization
(2002) Aksoy, Ece
This thesis analyzes the concept of terrorism in the age of globalization. Terrorism, which has been motivated by ideological, religious and national reasons, has added to its concern issues like inequality, injustice, dissatisfaction and antiglobalist movements, due to development and technology in the world. In order to clarify this shift in the policy, the concepts of terrorism and globalization are first explained as distinct issues. Terrorism has been globalized because of modernization, developments in technology, communication and the ease in transportation. Thus, globalization has started to serve terrorism, while with its positive effects it became helpful in the fight against terrorism. The connection of globalization to terrorism has been explained in this respect. As the previous tools of diplomacy and military measures started to lose their validity, international cooperation and law have emerged as the tool to fight against terrorism. Since terrorism is a phenomenon that cannot be totally abolished, the best way to minimize terrorism is the use of international law, with necessary organizations established to form a cooperation at the international level.
Open Access
Is better nuclear weapon detection capability justified?
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2011) Bakir, N. O.; Von Winterfeldt, D.
In this paper, we present a decision tree model for evaluation of the next generation radiation portal technology (Advanced Spectroscopic Portals or ASPs) to scan containers entering the United States non-intrusively against nuclear or radiological weapons. Advanced Spectroscopic Portals are compared against the current designs of portal monitors (plastic scintillators or PVTs). We consider five alternative deployment strategies: 1) Exclusive deployment of ASPs replacing all the PVTs currently deployed at U.S. ports of entry, 2) Sequential deployment of ASPs with PVTs installing ASPs in all secondary and some primary inspections areas, 3) Sequential deployment of ASPs with PVTs installing ASPs in only secondary inspections areas, 4) Exclusive deployment of PVTs, 5) Stop deployment of new portal monitors and continue inspections with the current capacity. The baseline solution recommends a hybrid strategy that supports the deployment of new designs of portal monitors for secondary inspections and current designs of portal monitors for primary inspections. However, this solution is found to be very sensitive to the probability of attack attempt, the type of weapon shipped through ports of entry, the probability of successful detonation, detection probabilities and the extra deterrence that each alternative may provide. We also illustrate that the list of most significant parameters depends heavily on the dollar equivalent of overall consequences and the probability of attack attempt. For low probability and low consequence scenarios, false alarm related parameters are found to have more significance. Our extensive exploratory analysis shows that for most parametric combinations, continued deployment of portal monitors is recommended. Exclusive deployment of ASPs is optimal under high risk scenarios. However, we also show that if ASPs fail to improve detection capability, then extra benefits they offer in reducing false alarms may not justify their mass deployment. © 2011 Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.
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Kadınlar
(1995) Fuat, Memet