Browsing by Subject "Kemalism"
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Item Restricted Ahmet Taner Kışlalı’nın siyasi hayatı(Bilkent University, 2020) Karavelioğlu, Öykü; Benli, İde; Metin, Utku Mert; Ağ, Merve; Çınar, Nilay GökçeAhmet Taner Kışlalı 1939 yılında doğmuş, temel eğitiminin ardından Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi’nde yükseköğrenimini 1963 yılında tamamlayarak Paris Hukuk Fakültesi’nde doktorasını yapmıştır. Doktorasını 1967 yılında tamamlamış ve Türkiye’ye dönüp göreve başlamıştır. Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, muhabirlik, akademisyenlik, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’nde milletvekilliği, bakanlık, köşe yazarlığı gibi görevlerinde gösterdiği faaliyetlerle hem öğrencilerinin ve yakın çevresinin hayatında hem de Türkiye’nin siyasi tarihi içinde kendisine yer edinmiştir. 21 Ekim 1999 günü evinin önünde bir suikast sonucu vefat etmiştir.Item Open Access Anayasa mahkemesi kararlarında Kemalizm ve otoriterlik: analitik bir inceleme(Bilkent University, 2019-07) Alpbaz, Mustafa MertBu çalışmanın amacı Kemalizm’in Türkiye’deki anayasacılık hareketlerindeki rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada Kemalizm’in bir ideoloji olarak Türkiye anayasalarına yansıması siyasi ve tarihi gelişmeler çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Kemalizm’in ilkelerinin Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlarına nasıl yansıdığı tartışılmış, hangi ilkeler bakımından Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin “Kemalist” olarak nitelendirilebileceği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye’de anayasa yargısının kuruluş süreci de parlamentodaki azınlıkların korunması düşüncesiyle açıklanmıştır. Bu sürecin açıklanmasında başvurulan merkez-çevre ilişkileri ile hegemonik koruma teorilerinin, Türkiye’deki sürece uymayan yönleri ele alınmıştır. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları da bu teoriler yönünden ve “Kemalist otoriterlik” olgusu çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.Item Restricted Bahçelievler Deneme Anadolu Lisesi'nin tarihi(Bilkent University, 2019) Dağdeviren, Ulvi Cihan; Gül, Burak Can; Kumantaş, Aysimay Işık; Yaman, Yiğit Can; Koç, İlhan1955 yılından 1990’lı yıllara kadar olan dönemde Bahçelievler Deneme Lisesi’nin kuruluşu ve gelişimi bunu yanında da Türkiye’nin genel atmosferinin ve okulun eğitim sisteminin değişmesi sonucu kalitesinin düşmesi gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, okulun akademik başarısı, öğrenci-öğretmen ilişkisi, okulun eğitim sistemi, mezunların okula bağlılığı, öğrencilerin eğitimleri sırasında sahip oldukları imkanlar ve Deneme Lisesi’nin diğer okullardan farkları incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında 1955-1990 yılları arasında okulda eğitim görmüş öğrencilerle yapılan görüşmelerden ve aynı zamanda bu dönemde ve sonrasında okul ve mezunlar derneği tarafından çıkarılmış dergi, gazete ve yıllıklardan yararlanılmıştır.Item Open Access The cultural policies of Turkish Republic during the establishment of nation state (1923-1938)(Bilkent University, 2000) Kamacı, İpekThis study aims to analyse the understanding of cultural politics during the establishment period of Turkish Republic. It is argued that this understanding of culturai politics is ideologically shaped by Kemalism that maintains Ziya Gokalp's separation of culture and civilization. These two contradictory elements are intermixed within the will of modernization and nation building process. O/kii, Yeni turk Mecmumn and programs of Republican People's Party were studied in order to make apparent the transferring of cultural politics on the public. In this context, party programs and magazins are examined in terms of their content with regard to an identity formation characterized by nationalist, populist and secular values.Item Restricted The effects of Ataturk’s language reforms in Turkish Republic between 1919-1950(Bilkent University, 2023) Zamir, Anisha; Atiq, Mehshid; Rowaha, Muhammad; Mohammadzadehazarabadi, Sadra; Rabuazzo, SilviaThe main focus of this research paper is to study the reasons and the impacts of the language reforms introduced by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk during the time period 1919-1950. The paper begins by introducing various coetaneous language reforms of the twentieth century and their impact on the Turkish language reform. It discusses, briefly, the Perso-Arabic precursors to the Latinized script and their comparison with the contemporary script. These comparisons also establish the need to discuss the motives and the ideology of Ataturk that drove the aforementioned reform. The study moves on to discuss the efforts carried out to implement the language reform and the extent of their success. The paper then attempts to highlight the complications and the ensuing responsive measures that accompanied the script change. Subsequently, this research explains how the language reform fell under the umbrella of Ataturk’s ambitious and wide ranging nationalization process. The reforms’ direct and indirect effects on various areas–education, westernization and economy–are also analyzed. It discusses implications of the language policy on press media and the job market. Lastly, it scrutinizes the dis/inclination of the general population and concludes by explaining the successes and failures of the language policy.Item Open Access The ideology and textbooks : "Turkish Republic history of renovation and Ataturkism" textbooks (1980-1990)(Bilkent University, 1998) Gürleyen, İşıkThis study aims to analyze the specific understanding of history in the 1980s in Turkey. It is argued that this particular historical understanding is ideologically shaped by Kemalism and Turkish-Islamic Synthesis discourse. These two contradictory and complementary views exist together in the "Turkish Republic History of Renovation and Ataturkism" textbooks, which are used as a tool to convey the regime's ideological stance to the high-school students. In this context, these textbooks are examined in terms of their contents with regard to an identity formation characterized by nationalist, statist, religious but secular values.Item Open Access In Between Democracy and Secularism: The Case of Turkish Civil Society(2013) Cevik, S.; Tas H.Since 2011, the Arab uprisings, signaling a new wave of political mobilization, have restored belief in the potential for civil society to make democratic openings. Nevertheless, the academic literature up to the present has attributed the enduring authoritarianism in the Middle East region to the weakness or dominantly Islamist nature of civil society and promoted the development of secular platforms. This article argues that the discussion about civil society is misplaced, and the democratic potential of civil society is not related to its being Islamic or secular, but rather to its attachment to the state. For this purpose, it examines the emergence of a secularist civil societal current in Turkey with special focus on one of its major manifestations, the Republic Rallies in 2007. © 2013 Copyright Editors of Middle East Critique.Item Open Access Kemalism meets the Copenhagen Criteria : the emergence of Neo-Kemalism(Bilkent University, 2005) Günay, DefneTurkey’s long-drawn-out journey came to another turning point after getting 3 October 2005 as a date for the launch of accession talks with the European Union. This decision made by the Union on 17 December 2004 was an upshot of huge steps taken by subsequent Turkish governments in terms of transforming its democracy so as to comply with the Copenhagen criteria. This wave of democratization inevitably has raised questions about the fate of Kemalism, which has been largely penetrated by these reforms. When these reforms are coupled with some allegations both from the EU and from within Turkey as being a barrier to Turkey’s EU membership, it became inevitable to put Kemalism and its fate into interrogation. This thesis aims to answer the question of how and why prevalent interpretation of Kemalism is being strained by the EU conditionality that permeates fundamentals of Kemalism.Item Open Access Kemalist modernleşmenin adab-ı muaşeret romanları :popüler aşk anlatıları(Bilkent University, 2005) Güneş, AslıPopular romances of the Republican Period, which are ignored while discussing the reverberations of the period of national construction, are deemed to be the texts relating the civic interpretation of the Kemalist modernization movement. In this sense, popular romances serve as pilots in the civic mobilization as the texts based on the most stylized interpretation of the “occidental rules of good manners” which are indispensable to lead the way to the creation of the civilized nation. The objective of this thesis is to examine the account of civilization resulting to be different from the interpretation of the canonic literature departing from Norbert Elias’s theory of civilization and the descriptions of the occidental genre of the Novel of Manners. The titles to be tackled as the Novel of Manners of the Kemalist modernization are You and I (1933), The Thunder of Love (1935) and The Endless Night (1938) by Muazzez Tahsin Berkand, Funda (1939) and Is That My Sin? (1939) by Kerime Nadir and Nedret (1938) by Güzide Sabri.Item Open Access Kemalist otoriterlik, anayasa yargısı ve Askeri Mahkemeler(AÜ Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, 2019) Alpbaz, Mustafa MertAnayasa Mahkemesi, gerek verdiği kararlar gerekse Türkiye siyasetindeki konumu bakımından çeşitli tartışmaların odağı olmuştur. Bu tartışmalar çerçevesinde Türkiye’de anayasa yargısının benimsenme sürecini açıklamaya yönelik bir teori sıkça ifade edilmektedir. Türkiye’de “Kemalist elitler/blok” olarak adlandırılan ordu, bürokratlar, yargı organları ve üniversitelerin merkezi, bunun dışındaki kesimlerin de çevreyi oluşturduğu, Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin de merkezin çıkarlarını korumak için kurulduğu ve kuruluş amacına uygun olarak faaliyet gösterdiği iddia edilmiştir. “Kemalist otoriterlik” olgusu vurgulanarak merkezin çıkarının devletin korunması olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Söz konusu açıklama girişiminin kaynağı Şerif Mardin’in “merkez-çevre ilişkileri” teorisi olup bu teori Ran Hirschl’ın “hegemonik koruma” ve “jüristokrasi” tezleri ile desteklenmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’deki durumun Mardin’in ve Hirschl’ın tezleri ile açıklanamayacağını ve merkez unsurları arasında devletin korunması bakımından bir bütünlük olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Merkeze dahil bir aktör sayılan ordunun organı olan askeri mahkemeler, temel hak ve özgürlükleri sınırlandıran birçok hükmün iptalini isteyerek oldukça özgürlükçü bir yaklaşım sergilerken Anayasa Mahkemesi ise birçok başvuruyu reddederek askeri mahkemelerden geri plana düşmüştür.Item Restricted Kemalizmin "sağı-solu" ve asker-sivil aydın zümre(1999) Çayan, MahirItem Open Access The making and the crisis of Turkish social democracy: Roots, discourses and strategies(Bilkent University, 1999) Kahraman, Hasan BülentThe making and the crisis of social democracy in Turkey has a structural and historical context. It is also an agent of Turkish political modernisation which is an authoritarian one. In this sense it is interrelated with the constitutive ideology and the parameters of Turkey's hegemonic state discourse, namely Kemalism. The condition faced by Turkish social democracy is an outcome of the crisis of modernity started in the 1980s and in the 1990s, under such influences as postmodernism and globalisation. In order to reach the deep causes of the crisis the analysis develops both on the vertical and horizontal axis, the first encompassing the internal and the latter encircling the external conditions. As the main cause of the crisis is assumed to be the nationalist, parochial character of Turkish social democracy, and its inability in getting adopted to the new emerging conditions, the thesis, as a conclusion, develops a prospective approach drawing on the recent theories that has helped the upheaval of this political ideology in West-European countries.Item Restricted Item Open Access Medeni ya da müslüman :popüler aşk romanlarında Feyza olmak(Bilkent University, 2006) Erekli, ArzuPopular romance narratives are usually neglected and regarded as a part of “low literature” in the literary discussions of Republican period. This study claims that these novels, in fact, provide significant data in the context of the construction of both Kemalist / civilized and muslim women’s identities in different periods and under dissimilar conditions. In the light of this assumption, this study aims at exploring the textual image of woman in the novels of Kerime Nadir (1917-1984) and Şûle Yüksel Şenler, entitled respectively Gelinlik Kız (1943), Saadet Tacı (1966), and Huzur Sokağı (1971). To this end, I adopted a comparative method on the base of gender relations in the novels and searched for an answer to the question of how status of woman in these relations was defined and / or determined by female authors. At this juncture, feminist readings of popular romance and thought provoking comments of the feminist literary critiques on women writers provided me with an instrumental perspective for the analysis of the novels. In this study, it is concluded that these two women writers, Kerime Nadir and Şûle Yüksel Şenler, producing novels in two different historical periods and seemed to be the agent of different ideologies with quite different narrative messages are promoting a common image of woman stemming from the similar narrative structure as well as parallel narrative codes. In addition to paying a special attention for determining the methods exploited by Nadir and Şenler for transmitting their ideological messages to readers, it is also revealed that the ideological preference of the author in question has a formative effect on the novels’ structure.Item Restricted Muammer Aksoy: hayatı ve suikasti(Bilkent University, 2021) Mocan, Ahsen Yalın; Penahi, Arzu Ece; Eryürekli, Hasan Zorbey; Özkızıklı, Hazal; Unutmaz, Yusuf Ensar1946 sonrasında Türkiye çok partili döneme geçmişti. Bu dönemde Kemalizm’e karşı eleştirel tavırlar artmış, 12 Eylül 1980 darbesiyle ise Kemalizm’in ana fikirleri yeniden şekillenmeye başlamıştı. Muammer Aksoy, Kemalizm’i, Atatürk ilke ve inkılaplarını kendine temel alan önemli aydınlarımızdan biridir. 31 Ocak 1990’da siyasi ve ideolojik sebeplerden dolayı faili meçhul bir cinayete kurban gidene kadar 73 yıllık ömrünü araştırmalar yapmaya adamış ve bu kavramları en iyi şekilde korumuştu. Bu araştırmada Aksoy’un yazdığı kitaplarından, oğlu Işık Aksoy’dan öğrenilen kişisel hayatına dair bilgilerden, hem kendisi hem de dönem hakkında yazılmış gazete yazılarından ve yayımlardan bahsedilmiştir. Çok partili döneme geçiş, 1980 darbesi ve sonrasındaki siyasi iklimi incelemek Aksoy’un yaşamı ve suikastini anlamak için önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmada Muammer Aksoy’un kişisel hayatı, siyasi kimliği, içinde bulunduğu kuruluşlar, suikasti ve laik Türkiye Cumhuriyeti için gerçekleştirdiği çalışmalar işlenmiştir.Item Restricted “Öğret Komutanım!”: Milli Güvenlik Bilgisi dersinin 1980 - 2012 yılları arası değişimi(Bilkent University, 2023) Akan, Emir Yusuf; Copson, Deniz Elaine; Kışkan, Sabiha Gökçen; Koç, Elif; Kurt, EmreBu makale, 1926-2012 yılları arası verilmiş askeri derslerden 1980’de Milli Güvenlik Bilgisi ismiyle ortak milli eğitim müfredatına dahil edilmiş dersin 2012 yılında müfredattan kaldırılmasına kadarki tarihçesini ele alır. Dersin Atatürkçülük, laiklik ve militarizm odağında yaşadığı müfredat değişikliklerini siyasi etmenlere atıfta bulunarak açıklamaya çalışır. Aynı zamanda, dersin halk üzerinde bıraktığı etkiyi araştırmak adına dersin medyadaki temsilini inceler. Derse karşı bakış açısını anlamak için dersi vermiş bir öğretmen ve dersi almış öğrencilerle yapılan röportajları içerir. Dersin kaldırılması sürecini detaylı bir biçimde, o dönemde dersin kaldırılmasına ilişkin yapılmış açıklamalarla ve kaldırılmasına dair öne sürülen sebeplerle ele alır.Item Open Access Paradoxes of a cold war sufi woman: Sâmiha Ayverdi between Islam, nationalism, and modernity(Cambridge University Press, 2013) Aytürk, İ.; Mignon, L.Widely recognized by nationalists, Islamists and conservatives as the heroine of the Turkish Right in the twentieth century, Sâmiha Ayverdi influenced the renaissance of right-wing politics in Turkey as an important leader of the Rifaî order, a prolific author, an unyielding anti-communist, and finally as an institution-builder for right-wing causes. This article focuses on the apparent paradoxes in Ayverdi's long career, such as her modernist interpretation of Islam, her relationship with her sufi master, preference for memoirs, and her unabashed elitism. Such characteristics defy clichés associated with the stereotypical conservative/nationalist/ Islamist intellectual in Cold War Turkey. Our in-depth study of Ayverdi's works thus reveals the complexity of right-wing identities, and the fact that our protagonist is an outspoken woman intellectual also adds an important twist to the story.Item Open Access Political manhood in 2000's Turkey : representations of different masculinities in politics(Bilkent University, 2012) Akyüz, SelinThis dissertation mainly questions the constructions of different masculinities in politics in Turkey. It re-reads the different representations of political manhood with reference to the AKP, the CHP and the MHP between 2000 and 2008. In order to reveal the embeddedness of masculinities and politics, this dissertation analyzes not only gendered discourses of the given political parties but also their leaders, namely, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Deniz Baykal and Devlet Bahçeli. With the guidance of Pierre Bourdieu’s analytical tools, especially, on the basis of the congruent relation between habitus and the field, this dissertation questions different representations of masculinities and identifies typologies of masculinities, namely ; (1) Neo-Muslim, (2) Kemalist/Secular, and, (3) Nationalist. With reference to the patterns of masculinities in Turkish political culture, this study argues that the gendered nature of the politics, in general, political parties in particular, use and reproduce dominant masculinist strategies. In politics as a field, leaders experience the praxis of being man rather than their ideological engagements; leftist, rightist or Islamist.Item Open Access Politics of nationhood and the displacement of the founding Moment: contending histories of the Turkish nation(Cambridge University Press, 2017) Çınar, A.; Taş, H.This study examines the conception of nationhood developed by a political movement referred to as Ulusalclllk (nationalism), which emerged at the turn of the century. We focus on ways in which the Ulusalcl movement makes use of nation-building techniques to establish and propagate its own version of Turkish nationhood as one that is primordially secular and patriotic. This is expressed in its opposition to Islamism, Ottomanism, and what it sees as imperialist Western powers. We argue that the most significant technique Ulusalcl nationalists use to rebuild Turkish nationhood is a relocation of the nation's founding moment, from the official Kemalist one marked by the founding of the Republic in 1923 to the War of Independence fought against the European powers between 1919 and 1922. Our premise is that nationhood is ultimately the product of storytelling, and that the politics of nationhood involves the contentious production, dissemination, and negotiation of different stories and their corresponding founding moments. We analyze the story of Turkish nationhood told in the bestselling book Those Crazy Turks, which became the bible of the Ulusalcl movement. We argue that the Ulusalcl narration of Turkish nationhood interpellates a new national subject that is primordially secular, militaristically patriotic, and adamantly anti-Western. These are projected as essential qualities that must, at all cost, be upheld and defended against Islamist, Ottomanist, and Western powers that are conspiring to bring Turkey down. © 2017 Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History.Item Open Access Portrait of a Turkish social democrat : İsmail Cem(Bilkent University, 2011) Örmeci, Ozanİsmail Cem (1940-2007) was a Turkish intellectual and social democratic politician who spent his life investigating the characteristics and problems of Turkish modernization and social democratic solutions to these problems. Cem started his career as a peculiar socialist journalist who had a special curiosity towards the Ottoman past in the late 1960s and early 1970s. With his books and articles he became an influential and prestigious figure in the leftist intellectual and political circles and served as the manager of Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT). Unlike usual leftist-modernist intellectuals, he was very critical of “top to bottom” Turkish modernization and had propositions to solve Turkey’s political problems within the limits of democracy. During these years, Cem’s democratic socialism slowly evolved into social democracy. Starting from the 1980s, Cem appeared this time as a social democratic politician and tried to realize his projects and reduce his theories into practice. He was one of the leading figures of Turkish social democracy and was the creator of the “Anatolian Left” together with Deniz Baykal. In the mid-1990s he served for a short time as the Minister of Culture and starting from 1997 -with short interruptions- for five years he worked as the Foreign Minister of Turkey. He continued to write about Turkish politics and foreign policy and left behind an important collection of books and articles. İsmail Cem saw his life’s work as involving basically three tasks: to reconcile Turkey with its Ottoman past by softening the radical modernist mentality of the earlier Republican period both on the intellectual and social levels, to find solutions to Turkey’s various political problems by making a social democratic interpretation of Kemalism and thus, achieving democratic consolidation in Turkey and to transform his country into a respected regional power in international relations by pursuing an active foreign policy through full membership to the European Union as well as by developing relations with Middle Eastern and Eurasian countries. Both as a public intellectual and politician, he was able to take considerable steps in order to realize these three tasks, though he did not have chance to complete his mission. Although he was an important part of the intellectual force behind Turkey’s pro-Western secular segments, we do not know too much about Cem’s personal life and intellectual development throughout the years. This thesis is an attempt to analyze İsmail Cem by focusing on his life, his ideas, his political career, his propositions to Turkey’s major democratic problems and his foreign policy understanding and practices analytically.