Browsing by Subject "Forced migration"

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1.Karabağ Savaşı ve Türkiye
(Bilkent University, 2022) Kuru, Nihansu; Baydar, Zeynep; Pekince, Esin; Aydın, Bünyamin; Gürlek, Berra Nur
Gerek Azeri gerek Ermeni toplumu için tarihi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan bir hayli önemli olan Dağlık Karabağ bölgesinin Azerbaycan’a bağlı bir otonom bölge olarak 1988’de tescil edilmesiyle başlayan siyasi kriz, Sovyetler Birliği’nin 1991’de resmî olarak çöküşü ile devletler arası bir savaş niteliği kazanmıştır. Bu süreçte Türkiye, çoğunlukla arabuluculuk rolü üstlenmiş, ancak bu tutum savaşın yarattığı göç ve sosyal travma gibi yıkıcı etkilerin ortadan kaldırılması için yeterli olmamıştır. Bu makalede, Birinci Karabağ Savaşı’nın gelişimiyle birlikte Türkiye’nin bu süreçte sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi bakımdan maruz kaldığı olaylar ve savaşın Türkiye’deki Ermeni ve Azeri topluluklar üzerinde bıraktığı etkiler ele alınmıştır.
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1989 Bulgaristan göçü ve İmamoğlu ailesinin hikayesi
(Bilkent University, 2021) Taşpolat, Hasan; Özdemir, Cemil Mert; Çöplü, Elanur; Çakıroğlu, Kaan; Obuz, Ahmet
Tarih boyunca Türk-Bulgar ilişkileri ışığında birçok göç yaşanmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde de pek çok kitlesel göç yaşanmış ve Türk-Bulgar demografik ilişkilerini etkilemiştir. En büyük ve geniş çaplı olan 1989 yılı zorunlu göçü sırasında 300.000’i aşkın Bulgaristan Türkü kısa süre içerisinde Türkiye’ye yerleşmiştir. Çeşitli siyasi ve tarihi sebepleri olan bu göç sırasında İmamoğlu ailesi de Razgrad kasabasından İstanbul’a göç etmiştir. 2 kızları olan Halim ve Zülfiye İmamoğlu, çok kısa bir süre içerisinde yalnızca bir araba dolu eşya ile yeni bir hayat kurmak için evlerini terk etti. Eğitimleri yarıda kalan Nevin ve Sevim İmamoğlu, hiç Türkçe bilmeden geldikleri İstanbul’da bir süre sonra lisans eğitimlerini tamamlayarak hayatlarını orada kurdu. İmamoğlu ailesinden kimse Bulgaristan’a geri dönmemiştir.
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Bulgaristan Türklerinin 1989 zorunlu göçü sonrası anavatana uyum sürecinin İstanbul Gaziosmanpaşa göçmen kent sitesi sakinleri üzerinden incelenmesi
(Bilkent University, 2018) Morkoç, Bükem; Kudiaki, Derin; Tümer, Selin; Sargın, Ünal Anıl; Tırpan, Yeşim
Bu yazıda 1989 Bulgaristan Zorunlu Göçü’nün göçmenler üzerinde bıraktığı etkilerden ve göçmenlerin hayatlarında meydana gelen değişikliklerden bahsedilmiştir. Başlangıçta, Bulgaristan’daki Türklerin durumu , önceki senelerde Bulgaristan’dan Türkiye’ye yapılmış göçlerle birlikte 1989 Bulgaristan Zorunlu Göçü’nün nedenleri ve göçmenlerin Türkiye’de karşılanmaları anlatılmıştır. Göçe hazırlık ve göç süreçleri, göçmenlerle yapılan görüşmelerle birlikte sunulmuş ve göç sürecindeki ulaşım sorunu ve akabinde Türkiye’de ikamet konularına değinilmiştir. Göçmenlerin kurmuş olduğu Göçmen Konutları’nın nasıl kurulduğu, özellikleri ve günümüzdeki durumu hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Göçmenlerin sosyokültürel durumları, Türkiye halkının göçmenlere tepkileri ve Türk hükümetinin göçmenlere karşı tutumundan söz edilmiştir. Yazının ek kısmında, beş Bulgaristan göçmeni ile gerçekleştirilen röportajlarımızın dökümü mevcuttur.
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The conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced migration
(Taylor&Francis, 2020) Özçürümez, Saime; Akyüz, Selin; Bradby, H.
The conceptualization of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) has developed rapidly over recent decades and the understanding of SGBV in the context of forced migration continues to evolve. Based on a scoping review of scholarly work and reports by non-governmental organizations and international organizations between 1993 and 2018, this study identifies limitations to the current conceptualization of SGBV, and proposes a re-conceptualization. The paper argues that the existing literature overemphasizes the contexts of war zones and conflict and excludes post-flight settings, and focuses mainly on the victimization of women, excluding other at-risk groups. The tendency to focus on conflict zones and to underline the victim status of women constrains the usefulness of the conceptualization for informing research as well as protection and response. This review considers the multifaceted causes and consequences of gendered vulnerabilities and insecurities that are exposed in forced migration processes in order to make sense of SGBV as a gendered harm. Through a constructivist and de-essentialising theoretical lens, the study proposes to conceptualize SGBV in terms of continuities in forced migration occuring over time in interwoven territories and a variety of contexts from countries of origin to settlement.
Open Access
Dis-placed: space, settlement, and agency
(Intellect Ltd., 2021-07-01) Batuman, Bülent
This article introduces the special issue ‘Dis-placed’. Questioning the term ‘refugee’ as an identity marker and pointing at the problematic connotations it embodies, the article explores the spatial forms of refugee experience. The knowledge of space, as produced within disciplines such as geography, urban planning, and architecture, is deployed by states to limit the movements of forced migrants across and within national borders. In response, the article calls for social/spatial justice, arguing that this can only be achieved through the blurring of the boundaries between host and refugee identities. The contributions in this special issue present investigations on different facets of the spatiality of forced migration through various disciplinary approaches and methodologies. Taken together, they underline the importance of the link between space and refugee agency in tackling forced migration.
Open Access
The EU's effectiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean migration quandary: challenges to building societal resilience
(Routledge, 2021-04-30) Özçürümez, Saime
Under what conditions does the EU contribute to the prevention of governance breakdown and violent conflict in areas of limited statehood and contested orders by fostering societal resilience? This study seeks answers to this question by examining the EU's effectiveness in fostering societal resilience in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey while they have coped with risks emerging from cross-border mobility, mass influx, and prolonged stays of the forcibly displaced due to the Syrian crisis since 2011. The study argues that the EU has been constrained in building societal resilience. The findings suggest that the EU's effectiveness is limited by context-specific social, political, and economic risks in host countries; divergence among policy actors’ often contradictory preferences; and the impact of the EU's policies in outsourcing management of forced displacement. The study concludes that the EU needs to link the implementation of its short-term pragmatic programmes that primarily enable state resilience in crisis contexts with its long-term liberal vision for fostering high level societal resilience with democratic principles and institutions.
Open Access
Forced migration, sexual and gender-based violence and integration: Effects, risks and protective factors
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022-06-15) Phillimore, Jenny; Block, Karen; Bradby, Hannah; Özçürümez, Saime; Papoutsi, Anna
This paper is the first to use empirical evidence to directly examine the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and multi-dimensional processes of integration of forced migrant SGBV survivors. While it is acknowledged that forced migrants are subjected to a continuum of violence, including SGBV, during the refugee journey, little is known about the long-term impact of SGBV and how it might be mitigated. Our paper, drawing on empirical evidence from 255 interviews with migrants and stakeholders in Australia, the UK, Sweden and Turkey, documented in detail the complex interactions between SGBV and integration using the Indicators of Integration framework. By bringing together the literature on the continuum of violence, SGBV and the Indicators of Integration framework, we identify, on the one hand, the impact of SGBV on integration, and, on the other, how the indicators framework can be used to identify protective and risk factors for forced migrant survivors. © 2022, The Author(s).
Open Access
Is internal displacement a burden on women’s human capital accumulation? Evidence from Turkey
(2021-08) Erikci, Fatma Sıla
Over the last 35 years, Turkey has been fighting with an outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in East and Southeast Anatolia. The increasingly fierce struggle from the mid-80s to the late 90s led to thousands of internally displaced people. Using Turkey Demographic Health Survey, we define displaced women as those who migrated for security reasons from conflict regions between 1984-99 to understand the long-term impact of forced migration on the educational attainment of displaced women. Our results show that internal displacement decreases years of schooling by one year, and the detrimental effect mainly stems from the reduced level of primary and secondary school completion. We also investigate the mechanisms through which internal displacement affects educational outcomes and show that internal displacement increased the probability of working before the age of 15. We also find evidence that internal displacement decreased marriage age and increased the possibility of being in a forced marriage.