Browsing by Subject "Carrier concentration"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 26

Open Access
3D electron density estimation in the ionosphere
(IEEE, 2014) Tuna, Hakan; Arıkan, Orhan; Arıkan, F.
Ionosphere has ion distribution which is variable in space and time. There have been physical and empirical studies for modeling the ionosphere. International Reference Ionosphere extended to Plasmasphere (IRI-Plas) is the most recent model developed for this purpose. However, IRI-Plas presents a model about the ionosphere and its compliance with the instantaneous state of the ionosphere does not provide the accuracy needed for engineering purposes. One of the important information sources about the instantaneous state of the ionosphere is GPS signals. In this study, constructing the ionosphere which is compatible with both the instantaneous ionosphere measurements and the physical structure of the ionosphere is presented as an optimization problem, and solved by using the particle swarm optimization technique. The ionosphere over Turkey is investigated by using the proposed optimization method and the importance of the instantaneous ionosphere measurements obtained from GPS signals is demonstrated.
Open Access
Algorithms and basis functions in tomographic reconstruction of ionospheric electron density
(IEEE, 2005) Yavuz, E.; Arıkan, F.; Arıkan, Orhan; Erol, C. B.
Computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) is a method to investigate ionosphere electron density in two or three dimensions. This method provides a flexible tool for studying ionosphere. Earth based receivers record signals transmitted from the GPS satellites and the computed pseudorange and phase values are used to calculate Total Electron Content (TEC). Computed TEC data and the tomographic reconstruction algorithms are used together to obtain tomographic images of electron density. In this study, a set of basis functions and reconstruction algorithms are used to investigate best fitting two dimensional tomographic images of ionosphere electron density in height and latitude for one satellite and one receiver pair. Results are compared to IRI-95 ionosphere model and both receiver and model errors are neglected.
Open Access
Computerized ionospheric tomography with the IRI model
(Elsevier BV, 2007) Arıkan, Orhan; Arikan F.; Erol, C. B.
Computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) is a method to estimate ionospheric electron density distribution by using the global positioning system (GPS) signals recorded by the GPS receivers. Ionospheric electron density is a function of latitude, longitude, height and time. A general approach in CIT is to represent the ionosphere as a linear combination of basis functions. In this study, the model of the ionosphere is obtained from the IRI in latitude and height only. The goal is to determine the best representing basis function from the set of Squeezed Legendre polynomials, truncated Legendre polynomials, Haar Wavelets and singular value decomposition (SVD). The reconstruction algorithms used in this study can be listed as total least squares (TLS), regularized least squares, algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and a hybrid algorithm where the reconstruction from the TLS algorithm is used as the initial estimate for the ART. The error performance of the reconstruction algorithms are compared with respect to the electron density generated by the IRI-2001 model. In the investigated scenario, the measurements are obtained from the IRI-2001 as the line integral of the electron density profiles, imitating the total electron content estimated from GPS measurements. It has been observed that the minimum error between the reconstructed and model ionospheres depends on both the reconstruction algorithm and the basis functions where the best results have been obtained for the basis functions from the model itself through SVD.
Open Access
Coupling enhancement of split ring resonators on graphene
(Pergamon Press, 2014-12) Cakmakyapan, S.; Caglayan, H.; Özbay, Ekmel
Metallic split ring resonator (SRR) structures are used in nanophotonics applications in order to localize and enhance incident electromagnetic field. Electrically controllable sheet carrier concentration of graphene provides a platform where the resonance of the SRRs fabricated on graphene can be tuned. The reflectivity spectra of SRR arrays shift by applying gate voltage, which modulates the sheet carrier concentration, and thereby the optical conductivity of monolayer graphene. We experimentally and numerically demonstrated that the tuning range can be increased by tailoring the effective mode area of the SRR and enhancing the interaction with graphene. The tuning capability is one of the important features of graphene based tunable sensors, optical switches, and modulator applications. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Density functional theory investigation of substituent effects on building blocks of conducting polymers
(Elsevier, 1999) Salzner, U.
Substituted heterocyclic dimers were calculated employing density functional theory (DFT) and analyzed with the natural bond orbits method (NBO). Substitution in 3- and 4-positions leads to parallel shifting of HOMO and LUMO but does not reduce energy gaps. For bridge dimers, HOMO-LUMO gaps correlate with π-electron densities in the carbon backbone and energy gap reduction correlate with the strength of π-π* interactions from the backbone to the bridging group. Alternating donor-acceptor groups do not reduce energy gaps and lead to systems with average HOMO and LUMO levels compared to the parent molecules.
Open Access
Does the donor-acceptor concept work for designing synthetic metals? 1. theoretical investigation of poly(3-cyano-3′-hydroxybithiophene)
(American Chemical Society, 2002) Salzner, U.
Homo- and copolymers of hydroxythiophene and cyanothiophene have been investigated by employing density functional theory with the aim of determining the effect of donor-acceptor substitution on the electronic structure. The band gap of the copolymer is 0.11 eV smaller than that of polythiophene. Bandwidths of valence and conduction bands are reduced by 0.22 and 0.36 eV compared to polybithiophene. Conductivity after p- and n-doping could therefore be less than that of polythiophene. All properties of the copolymer are averages between those of the homopolymers. The charge separation between hydroxy- and cyano-substituted rings is 0.12 e in the neutral state and 0.13 e and the dication. The ionization potential and electron affinity of poly(hydroxythiophene) are 1.78 and 1.63 eV smaller than those of poly(cyanothiophene). According to the donor-acceptor concept, a decrease in band gap and an increase in bandwidths compared to the homopolymers should have resulted: We rationalize the absence of band broadening with reduced interaction between fragments with very different energies in agreement with perturbation theory.
Open Access
Does the donor-acceptor concept work for designing synthetic metals? 2. theoretical investigation of copolymers of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-4H-cyclopenta[2, 1-b: 3, 4-b′]dithiophene and 3, 4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene
(American Chemical Society, 2002) Salzner, U.; Köse, M. E.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on oligomers of 3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene (EDOT), 4-(dicyanomethylene)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene (CDM), and co-oligomers (CDM/ EDOT). Oligomer data were extrapolated to polymer values. Theoretical band gaps reproduce λmax from UV spectroscopy for PEDOT and are about 1 eV larger than electrochemical band gaps. λmax of PCDM/EDOT is predicted to be 0.42 eV smaller than that of PEDOT and 0.15 eV smaller than that of PCDM. PCDM/EDOT has a wide valence and an extremely narrow conduction "band". It is probably better not to refer to these localized states as a band at all. This rationalizes the mobility ratio of 500 between p-type and n-type charge carriers and the low n-type conductivity of PCDM/EDOT. The lack of dispersion of the conduction band is due to the very different EAs of EDOT and CDM.
Open Access
Effect of reactor pressure on optical and electrical properties of InN films grown by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition
(Wiley - V C H Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015) Alevli, M.; Gungor, N.; Alkis, S.; Ozgit Akgun, C.; Donmez, I.; Okyay, Ali Kemal; Gamage, S.; Senevirathna, I.; Dietz, N.; Bıyıklı, Necmi
The influences of reactor pressure on the stoichiometry, free carrier concentration, IR and Hall determined mobility, effective optical band edge, and optical phonon modes of HPCVD grown InN films have been analysed and are reported. The In 3d, and N 1s XPS spectra results revealed In-N and N-In bonding states as well as small concentrations of In-O and N-O bonds, respectively in all samples. InN layers grown at 1 bar were found to contain metallic indium, suggesting that the incorporation of nitrogen into the InN crystal structure was not efficient. The free carrier concentrations, as determined by Hall measurements, were found to decrease with increasing reactor pressure from 1.61×1021 to 8.87×1019 cm-3 and the room-temperature Hall mobility increased with reactor pressure from 21.01 to 155.18 cm2/Vs at 1 and 15 bar reactor pressures, respectively. IR reflectance spectra of all three (1, 8, and 15 bar) InN samples were modelled assuming two distinct layers of InN, having different free carrier concentration, IR mobility, and effective dielectric function values, related to a nucleation/interfacial region at the InN/sapphire, followed by a bulk InN layer. The effective optical band gap has been found to decrease from 1.19 to 0.95 eV with increasing reactor pressure. Improvement of the local structural quality with increasing reactor pressure has been further confirmed by Raman spectroscopy measurements. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Open Access
Effective mass enhancement in two-dimensional electron systems: The role of interaction and disorder effects
(Elsevier, 2004) Asgari, R.; Davoudi, B.; Tanatar, Bilal
Recent experiments on two-dimensional (2D) electron systems have found a sharp increase in the effective mass of electrons with decreasing electron density. In an effort to understand this behavior we employ the many-body theory to calculate the quasiparticle effective mass in 2D electron systems. Because the low density regime is explored in the experiments we use the GWγ approximation where the vertex correction γ describes the correlation effects to calculate the self-energy from which the effective mass is obtained. We find that the quasiparticle effective mass shows a sharp increase with decreasing electron density. Disorder effects due to charged impurity scattering plays a crucial role in density dependence of effective mass.
Open Access
Electrical conduction properties of Si δ-doped GaAs grown by MBE
(2009) Yildiz, A.; Lisesivdin, S.B.; Altuntas H.; Kasap, M.; Ozcelik, S.
The temperature dependent Hall effect and resistivity measurements of Si δ-doped GaAs are performed in a temperature range of 25-300 K. The temperature dependence of carrier concentration shows a characteristic minimum at about 200 K, which indicates a transition from the conduction band conduction to the impurity band conduction. The temperature dependence of the conductivity results are in agreement with terms due to conduction band conduction and localized state hopping conduction in the impurity band. It is found that the transport properties of Si δ-doped GaAs are mainly governed by the dislocation scattering mechanism at high temperatures. On the other hand, the conductivity follows the Mott variable range hopping conduction (VRH) at low temperatures in the studied structures. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Energy-transfer rate in a double-quantum-well system due to Coulomb coupling
(Elsevier, 2002) Senger, R. T.; Tanatar, Bilal
We study the energy-transfer rate for electrons in a double-quantum-well structure, where the layers are coupled through screened Coulomb interactions. The energy-transfer rate between the layers (similar to the Coulomb drag effect in which the momentum-transfer rate is considered) is calculated as functions of electron densities, interlayer spacing, the temperature difference of the 2DEGs, and the electron drift velocity in the drive layer. We employ the full wave vector and frequency-dependent random-phase approximation at finite temperature to describe the effective interlayer Coulomb interaction. We find that the collective modes (plasmons) of the system play a dominant role in the energy-transfer rates.
Open Access
Estimation of 3D electron density in the Ionosphere by using fusion of GPS satellite-receiver network measurements and IRI-Plas model
(IEEE, 2013) Tuna, Tuna; Arıkan, Orhan; Arikan F.; Gulyaeva, T.
GPS systems can give a good approximation of the Slant Total Electron Content in a cylindrical path between the GPS satellite and the receiver. International Reference Ionosphere extended to Plasmasphere (IRI-Plas) model can also give an estimation of the vertical electron density profile in the ionosphere for any given location and time, in the altitude range from about 50 km to 20000 km. This information can be utilized to obtain total electron content between any given receiver and satellite locations based on the IRI-Plas model. This paper explains how the fusion of measurements obtained from a GPS satellite-receiver network can be utilized together with the IRI-Plas model in order to obtain a robust 3D electron density model of the ionosphere. © 2013 ISIF ( Intl Society of Information Fusi.
Open Access
Excitonic condensation under spin-orbit coupling and BEC-BCS crossover
(The American Physical Society, 2007) Hakioǧlu T.; Şahin, M.
The condensation of electron-hole pairs is studied at zero temperature and in the presence of a weak spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in coupled quantum wells. Under realistic conditions, a perturbative SOC can have observable effects in the order parameter of the condensate. First, the fermion exchange symmetry is absent. As a result, the condensate spin has no definite parity. Additionally, the excitonic SOC breaks the rotational symmetry yielding a complex order parameter in an unconventional way; i.e., the phase pattern of the order parameter is a function of the condensate density. This is manifested through finite off-diagonal components of the static spin susceptibility, suggesting a new experimental method to confirm an excitonic condensate.
Open Access
Existence of a metallic phase in a 1D Holstein-Hubbard model at half filling
(Elsevier B.V., 2007) Krishna, P. M.; Chatterjee, A.
The one-dimensional half-filled Holstein-Hubbard model is studied using a series of canonical transformations including phonon coherence effect that partly depends on the electron density and is partly independent and also incorporating the on-site and the nearest-neighbour phonon correlations and the exact Bethe-ansatz solution of Lieb and Wu. It is shown that choosing a better variational phonon state makes the polarons more mobile and widens the intermediate metallic region at the charge-density-wave-spin-density-wave crossover recently predicted by Takada and Chatterjee. The presence of this metallic phase is indeed a favourable situation from the point of view of high temperature superconductivity.
Open Access
High sensitivity and multifunctional micro-Hall sensors fabricated using InAlSb/InAsSb/InAlSb heterostructures
(2009) Bando, M.; Ohashi, T.; Dede, M.; Akram, R.; Oral, A.; Park, S.Y.; Shibasaki I.; Handa H.; Sandhu, A.
Further diversification of Hall sensor technology requires development of materials with high electron mobility and an ultrathin conducting layer very close to the material's surface. Here, we describe the magnetoresistive properties of micro-Hall devices fabricated using InAlSb/InAsSb/InAlSb heterostructures where electrical conduction was confined to a 30 nm-InAsSb two-dimensional electron gas layer. The 300 K electron mobility and sheet carrier concentration were 36 500 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 2.5× 1011 cm-2, respectively. The maximum current-related sensitivity was 2 750 V A-1 T-1, which was about an order of magnitude greater than AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic heterostructures devices. Photolithography was used to fabricate 1 μm×1 μm Hall probes, which were installed into a scanning Hall probe microscope and used to image the surface of a hard disk. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.
Open Access
Hot electron effects in unipolar n-type submicron structures based on GaN, AlN and their ternary alloys
(The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2003) Sevik, C.; Bulutay, C.
The authors present an analysis of impact ionisation (II) and related hot electron effects in submicron sized GaN, AlN and their ternary alloys, all of which can support very high field regimes, reaching a few megavolts per centimetre (MV/cm). The proposed high field transport methodology is based on the ensemble Monte Carlo technique, with all major scattering mechanisms incorporated. As a test-bed for understanding II and hot electron effects, an n+-n-n+ channel device is employed having a 0.1 μm thick n-region. The time evolution of the electron density along the device is seen to display oscillations in the unintentionally doped n-region, until steady state is established. The fermionic degeneracy effects are observed to be operational especially at high fields within the anode n+-region. For AlxGa1-xN-based systems, it can be noted that due to alloy scattering, carriers cannot acquire the velocities attained by the GaN and AlN counterparts. Finally, at very high fields II is shown to introduce a substantial energy loss mechanism for the energetic carriers that have just traversed the unintentionally doped n-region.
Open Access
A hybrid reconstruction algorithm for computerized ionospheric tomography
(IEEE, 2005) Yavuz, E.; Arıkan F.; Arıkan, Orhan
Computerized Ionospheric Tomography (CIT) is a method to reconstruct ionospheric electron density images by using the Global Positioning System data collected by the earth based receivers. In this study, Total Electron Content values obtained from a model based ionosphere and tomographic reconstruction techniques are used together to obtain ionospheric electron density distribution. Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) is one of the most commonly used reconstruction method in medical tomography due to its simplicity in implementation. The performance of ART is independent of basis functions and very sensitive to the initial state. Total Least Squares (TLS) algorithm assumes no regularization and produces the lowest error for Haar basis for a given Latitude interval. The performance of TLS is improved with the number of receivers. If only one receiver is used, TLS algorithm together with Haar basis functions produces a low computational complexity and has a lower reconstruction error compared to Regularized Least Squares Algorithm, When the estimation by TLS is input as the initial state of ART, the overall reconstruction error reduces significantly compared to the reconstruction error of ART only or TLS with Haar basis only.
Open Access
Imaging capability of pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors, AlGaN/GaN, and Si micro-Hall probes for scanning Hall probe microscopy between 25 and 125 °c
(American Vacuum Society, 2009) Akram, R.; Dede, M.; Oral, A.
The authors present a comparative study on imaging capabilities of three different micro-Hall probe sensors fabricated from narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for scanning hall probe microscopy at variable temperatures. A novel method of quartz tuning fork atomic force microscopy feedback has been used which provides extremely simple operation in atmospheric pressures, high-vacuum, and variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and reasonable topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Micro-Hall probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching process. The active area of all different types of Hall probes were 1×1 μ m2. Electrical and magnetic characteristics show Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, and series resistance of the hall sensors to be 10 mG, 6.3× 1012 cm-2, and 12 k at 25 °C and 7 mG, 8.9× 1012 cm-2 and 24 k at 125 °C for AlGaNGaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), 0.281 mG, 2.2× 1014 cm-2, and 139 k at 25 °C and 0.418 mG, 1.5× 1014 cm-2 and 155 k at 100 °C for Si and 5-10 mG, 6.25× 1012 cm-2, and 12 k at 25 °C for pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (PHEMT) 2DEG Hall probe. Scan of magnetic field and topography of hard disc sample at variable temperatures using all three kinds of probes are presented. The best low noise image was achieved at temperatures of 25, 100, and 125 °C for PHEMT, Si, and AlGaNGaN Hall probes, respectively. This upper limit on the working temperature can be associated with their band gaps and noise associated with thermal activation of carriers at high temperatures.
Open Access
Influence of gold-silica nanoparticles on the performance of small-molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells
(Elsevier BV * North-Holland, 2015) Xu, X.; Kyaw, A. K. K.; Peng, B.; Xiong, Q.; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Wang Y.; Wong, T. K. S.; Sun, X. W.
Light trapping by gold (Au)-silica nanospheres and nanorods embedded in the active layer of small-molecule (SM) organic solar cell has been systematically compared. Nanorod significantly outperforms nanosphere because of more light scattering and higher quality factor for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) triggered by nanorods. The optimum concentration of nanorod was characterized by charge carrier transport and morphology of the active layers. At optimum nanorod concentration, almost no change in the morphology of the active layer reveals that LSPR and scattering effects rather than the morphology are mainly responsible for the enhanced power conversion efficiency. In addition, the preliminary lifetime studies of the SM solar cells with and without Au-silica nanorods were conducted by measuring the current density-voltage characteristics over 20 days. The results show that plasmonic device with nanorods has no adverse impact on the device stability
Open Access
Investigation of hourly and daily patterns for lithosphere-ionosphere coupling before strong earthquakes
(IEEE, 2009-06) Karatay, S.; Arıkan F.; Arıkan, Orhan
The ionosphere can be characterized with its electron density distribution which is a complex function of spatial and temporal variations, geomagnetic, solar and seismic activity. An important measurable quantity about the electron density is the Total Electron Content (TEC) which is proportional to the total number of electrons on a line crossing the atmosphere. TEC measurements enable monitoring variations in the space weather. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the network of world-wide receivers provide a cost-effective solution in estimating TEC over a significant proportion of global land mass. In this study, five earthquakes between 2003-2008 that occurred in Japan with different seismic properties, and the China earthquake in May 2008 are investigated. The TEC data set is investigated by using the Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLI), Kullback-Leibler Distance (KLD) and L2-Norm (L2N) which are used for the first time in the literature in this context and Cross Correlation Function (CCF) which is used in the literature before for quiet day period (QDP), disturbed day period (DDP), periods of 15 days before a strong earthquake (BE) and after the earthquake (AE). In summary, it is observed that the CCF, KLD and L2N between the neighbouring GPS stations cannot be used as a definitive earthquake precursor due to the complicated nature of earthquakes and various uncontrolled parameters that effect the behavior of TEC such as distance to the earthquake epicenter, distance between the stations, depth of the earthquake, strength of the earthquake and tectonic structure of the earthquake. KLD, KLI and L2N are used for the first time in literature for the investigation of earthquake precursor for the first time in literature and the extensive study results indicate that for more reliable estimates further space-time TEC analysis is necessary over a denser GPS network in the earthquake zones. ©2009 IEEE.