Vocational Schools

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Open Access
Emissions due to fossil-fuel consumption and cement production in Turkey (1970-1991)
(Elsevier, 1996-04) Zaim, K. K.
Standard emission factors are used for estimating levels of particulate matter (PM), SOx, CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), NOx and CO2. Results are presented for different fuels and energy-consuming sectors. In the early 1970s households utilizing lignite made the most significant contributions to emissions, while manufacturing industries with both lignite and petroleum utilization were responsible for SOx, NOx, and PM emissions. Households continued to produce the same CO and VOC emissions and manufacturing industries continued to be responsible for NOx emissions through the 1970–1990 period. Power production had gained in importance with regard to SOx, CO2, and PM emissions by 1990.
Open Access
Estimation of health and economic benefits of air pollution abatement for Turkey in 1990 and 1993
(Elsevier, 1997-11) Zaim, K. K.
An average of 15 million residents of the major cities in Turkey were exposed to particulate matter (PM10) and SO2 levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in the 1990–1993 period. An assessment of the health effects due to particulate matter (PM10) and exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) suggests that, if annual PM10 and SO2 levels were reduced to WHO standards, this could have brought a reduction of 5940 and 5480 hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, 121,400 and 112,100 emergency room visits, 8.26 and 6.85 million restricted activity days and 57,000 and 73,000 cases of low respiratory symptoms in children 0–12 years of age in 1990 and 1993 respectively. The estimated annual economic value of avoiding these effects is nearly 0.12% and 0.08% of the 1990 and 1993 gross national product (GNP). Furthermore, the results show that, by attaining WHO air pollution standards, 3310 and 3060 lives could have been saved in 1990 and 1993 respectively. Copyright © 1998 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Open Access
A compact econometric model of tourism demand for Turkey
(Pergamon, 1998) Akış, S.
This study examines the relationship between tourism demand for Turkey and national income of the tourist generating country at constant prices, and relative prices (prices in the host country divided by prices in tourist generating country). In determining the relationship, a double-logarithmic functional form of the regression model is used. Taking the period 1980-1993 as the base of the study, 18 countries which constitute an important percentage of tourism demand in Turkey have been chosen. In general, the results indicate a positive relationship between tourists arrivals and national income of tourist generating countries, and a negative relationship between tourist arrivals and relative prices. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process
(Routledge, 1999) Tosun, C.
Although the notion of community participation in tourism originates from the general concept of community participation in development studies, the subject of the former seems to have evolved and popularized in isolation from the meaning and scope of its origin. This article reveals that such isolation has ushered in a rigid and simple paradigm of community participation in tourism. This is assumed to be of one form and has universal validity without considering the existence of the different circumstances at various tourist destinations. It is suggested that the concept of community participation should be re-considered in terms of an adaptive categorical paradigm, which incorporates a range of various forms of community participation. These forms of participation are outlined for a variety of abstract situations with the aim of illustrating the legitimacy of different forms of community participation in tourism.
Open Access
Modified GDP through health cost analysis of air pollution: the case of Turkey
(1999) Zaim, K. K.
Economic growth and performance is monitored through the gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation. It has long been recognized that the traditionally computed GDP does not account for gains and losses observed due to the consumption of natural resources and environmental services. Hence, the objective of this study is to modify the Turkish GDP by taking social cost associated with air pollution into consideration. To this end health benefits and economic costs of air-quality improvement are estimated. The computations are based on the dose-response coefficients reported in several studies. The results indicate that a decrease in PM10 and SO2 levels to the WHO guideline would have resulted in a total of 48.309 x 1010 and 153.38 x 1010 Turkish lira savings in 1990 and 1993, respectively. These correspond to 0.12% and 0.08% of 1990 and 1993 GDPs, respectively.
Open Access
The international competitiveness of Turkish leather exports
(Harvard Institute for International Development, 2000) Zaim, Katalin
Open Access
The impact of environmental regulations on exports: case study results from Cyprus, Jordan, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey
(Elsevier, 2002) Zaim, K. K.; Larson, B. A.; Nicolaides, E.; Al Zu'bi, B.; Sukkar, N.l; Laraki, K.; Matoussi, M. S.; Chouchani, C.
Concern about the effects of environmental policies on trade competitiveness continues to grow in the non-EU Mediterranean regions (e.g., North Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, Cyprus). While the impact of environmental regulations on exports is widely discussed in the region, there has been little empirical analysis of how more stringent environmental regulations might affect exports of key sectors in the future. This paper summarizes the results of six case studies that estimate the impact of potential changes in environmental regulations on exports from a key sector in each country. These case studies, which are based on a theoretically consistent yet empirically tractable modeling approach, suggest that a range of outcomes is likely and depends on a fairly small set of specific information. For some of the cases, expected regulatory changes would probably have little impact on exports, while in other cases the impacts could be substantially larger. In some countries, the range of potential outcomes is largely due to the magnitude of the policy change, the importance of various inputs in production, and the lack of information on international market conditions. Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
The role of emotional commitment in relationship marketing: an empirical investigation of a loyalty model for casinos
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2003) Sui, J. J.; Baloglu, S.
This study examines the antecedents and consequences of commitment to hotel casinos targeting local customers. To accomplish this goal, a model of loyalty was developed and tested to understand the behavioral outcomes (benefits) of building relationships with lo- cal customers and what elements contribute to these behavioral outcomes. The results of path analysis showed that emotional attachment is a key mediating variable between attitudinal antecedents (trust and switching costs) and behavioral variables (proportion of visit, word of mouth, cooperation, time spent in casinos, and other product usage). The most influential variables on behavioral outcomes of loyalty were found to be trust and emotional attachment. The study contributes to services and casino marketing by validating empirical linkages in gaming context and providing empirical support for conceptualized differential effects of trust and switching cost on emotional attachment and behavioral outcomes of loyalty in services marketing literature. Theoretical and practical implications and future research issues are discussed. © 2003 International Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education.
Open Access
Ankara’daki müzelerde ziyaretçi profillerinin ve motivasyonlarının değerlendirilmesi
(Koç Üniversitesi VEKAM, 2013) Gürel, Eda
Dünya genelinde, azalan devlet desteği nedeniyle, müzelerin kaynak bulmak amacıyla, ziyaretçilerine yöneldikleri görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda yapılan araştırmanın amacı; Ankara daki müze ziyaretçilerinin profil ve motivasyonlarını anlamak, böylece müzelere olan ziyaretlerinin muntazam aktif katılıma dönüşmesine yardımcı olacak stratejilerin geliştirilebilmesine olanak sağlamaktır. Ankara nın önde gelen beş müzesinde yapılan çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, bu müzelerin ziyaretçiler için eğitim konusunda önemli bir role sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Müzelere yapılan ziyaretlerin artması için, gerek içsel gerek reklam ve promosyon gibi dışsal bazı faktörler önem taşımaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları özellikle dışsal faktörlerin, Ankara da, müzeleri zaman zaman ziyaret eden grup için önemli bir itici güç olabileceğine dikkat çekmektedir.
Open Access
Low power Zinc-Oxide based charge trapping memory with embedded silicon nanoparticles
(ECS, 2014) Nayfeh, A.; Okyay, Ali Kemal; El-Atab, N.; Özcan, Ayşe; Alkış, Sabri
In this work, a bottom-gate charge trapping memory device with Zinc-Oxide (ZnO) channel and 2-nm Si nanoparticles (Si-NPs) embedded in ZnO charge trapping layer is demonstrated. The active layers of the memory device are deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and the Si-NPs are deposited by spin coating. The Si-NPs memory exhibits a threshold voltage (Vt) shift of 6.3 V at an operating voltage of -10/10 V while 2.6 V Vt shift is obtained without nanoparticles confirming that the Si-NPs act as energy states within the bandgap of the ZnO layer. In addition, a 3.4 V Vt is achieved at a very low operating voltage of -1 V/1 V due to the charging of the Si-NPs through Poole-Frenkel emission mechanism at an electric field across the tunnel oxide E > 0.36 MV/cm. The results highlight a promising technology for future ultra-low power memory devices.
Open Access
Marketing tourism and hotel management schools in the context of hidher education globalization and student mobility through improved curriculum and industrial training offerings
(University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing, 2021-12) Baş Collins, Ayşe; Gunduz Songur, Aysegul; Dogan, Seden
Recent research from international statistics indicate an important flow of student mobility all over the world, creating a need to provide comprehensive information regarding educational institutions involved in the process. This study examines and compares tourism and hotel management (THM) programs at different levels, including the nature of programs offered, their curriculum, and internship components. A particular focus was given to the industrial training requirement as a core component of THM programs. Results showed both similarities and differences worldwide within the framework of the institutions compared. The findings may help all stakeholders in the education systems, including professionals, educators, students, and decision-makers alike.

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