Browsing by Author "Polat, E. O."

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Open Access
Broadband optical modulators based on graphene supercapacitors
(American Chemical Society, 2013) Polat, E. O.; Kocabas, C.
Optical modulators are commonly used in communication and information technology to control intensity, phase, or polarization of light. Electro-optic, electroabsorption, and acousto-optic modulators based on semiconductors and compound semiconductors have been used to control the intensity of light. Because of gate tunable optical properties, graphene introduces new potentials for optical modulators. The operation wavelength of graphene-based modulators, however, is limited to infrared wavelengths due to inefficient gating schemes. Here, we report a broadband optical modulator based on graphene supercapacitors formed by graphene electrodes and electrolyte medium. The transparent supercapacitor structure allows us to modulate optical transmission over a broad range of wavelengths from 450 nm to 2 μm under ambient conditions. We also provide various device geometries including multilayer graphene electrodes and reflection type device geometries that provide modulation of 35%. The graphene supercapacitor structure together with the high-modulation efficiency can enable various active devices ranging from plasmonics to optoelectronics. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Open Access
Broadband terahertz modulators using self-gated graphene capacitors
(Optical Society of America, 2015) Kakenov, N.; Balci, O.; Polat, E. O.; Altan, H.; Kocabas, C.
We demonstrate a terahertz intensity modulator using a graphene supercapacitor which consists of two large-area graphene electrodes and an electrolyte medium. The mutual electrolyte gating between the graphene electrodes provides very efficient electrostatic doping with Fermi energies of 1 eV and a charge density of 8 × 1013 cm-2. We show that the graphene supercapacitor yields more than 50% modulation between 0.1 and 1.4 THz with operation voltages less than 3 V. The low insertion losses, high modulation depth over a broad spectrum, and the simplicity of the device structure are the key attributes of graphene supercapacitors for THz applications.
Open Access
Electrically switchable metadevices via graphene
(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2018) Balcı, Osman; Kakenov, Nurbek; Karademir, E.; Balcı, S.; Çakmakyapan, S.; Polat, E. O.; Cağlayan, H.; Özbay, Ekmel; Kocabaş, Coşkun
Metamaterials bring subwavelength resonating structures together to overcome the limitations of conventional materials. The realization of active metadevices has been an outstanding challenge that requires electrically reconfigurable components operating over a broad spectrum with a wide dynamic range. However, the existing capability of metamaterials is not sufficient to realize this goal. By integrating passive metamaterials with active graphene devices, we demonstrate a new class of electrically controlled active metadevices working in microwave frequencies. The fabricated active metadevices enable efficient control of both amplitude (>50 dB) and phase (>90°) of electromagnetic waves. In this hybrid system, graphene operates as a tunable Drude metal that controls the radiation of the passive metamaterials. Furthermore, by integrating individually addressable arrays of metadevices, we demonstrate a new class of spatially varying digital metasurfaces where the local dielectric constant can be reconfigured with applied bias voltages. In addition, we reconfigure resonance frequency of split-ring resonators without changing its amplitude by damping one of the two coupled metasurfaces via graphene. Our approach is general enough to implement various metamaterial systems that could yield new applications ranging from electrically switchable cloaking devices to adaptive camouflage systems. Copyright
Open Access
Femtosecond pulse generation with voltage-controlled graphene saturable absorber
(Optical Society of America, 2014) Baylam, M. N.; Cizmeciyan, S.; Ozharar, S.; Polat, E. O.; Kocabas, C.; Sennaroglu, A.
We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the demonstration of a graphene supercapacitor as a voltage-controlled saturable absorber for femtosecond pulse generation from a solid-state laser. By applying only a few volts of bias, the Fermi level of the device could be shifted to vary the insertion loss, while maintaining a sufficient level of saturable absorption to initiate mode-locked operation. The graphene supercapacitor was operated at bias voltages of 0.5-1V to generate sub-100 fs pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 4.51 MHz from a multipass-cavity Cr4+:forsterite laser operating at 1255 nm. The nonlinear optical response of the graphene supercapacitor was further investigated by using pump-probe spectroscopy. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America
Open Access
Gate-tunable photoemission from graphene transistors
(American Chemical Society, 2014) Copuroglu, M.; Aydogan, P.; Polat, E. O.; Kocabas, C.; Süzer, S.
In this Letter, we report gate-tunable X-ray photoelectron emission from back-gated graphene transistors. The back-gated transistor geometry allows us to study photoemission from graphene layer and the dielectric substrate at various gate voltages. Application of gate voltage electrostatically dopes graphene and shifts the binding energy of photoelectrons in various ways depending on the origin and the generation mechanism(s) of the emitted electrons. The gate-induced shift of the Fermi energy of graphene alters the binding energy of the C 1s electrons, whereas the electric field of the gate electrodes shift the binding energy of core electrons emitted from the gate dielectric underneath the graphene layer. The gradual change of the local potential through depths of the gate dielectric provides quantitative electrical information about buried interfaces. Our results suggest that gate-tunable photoemission spectra with chemically specific information linked with local electrical properties opens new routes to elucidating operation of devices based especially on layered materials.
Open Access
Graphene based flexible electrochromic devices
(Nature Publishing Group, 2014-10-01) Polat, E. O.; Balci, O.; Kocabas, C.
Graphene emerges as a viable material for optoelectronics because of its broad optical response and gate-tunable properties. For practical applications, however, single layer graphene has performance limits due to its small optical absorption defined by fundamental constants. Here, we demonstrated a new class of flexible electrochromic devices using multilayer graphene (MLG) which simultaneously offers all key requirements for practical applications; high-contrast optical modulation over a broad spectrum, good electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. Our method relies on electro-modulation of interband transition of MLG via intercalation of ions into the graphene layers. The electrical and optical characterizations reveal the key features of the intercalation process which yields broadband optical modulation up to 55 per cent in the visible and near-infrared. We illustrate the promises of the method by fabricating reflective/transmissive electrochromic devices and multi-pixel display devices. Simplicity of the device architecture and its compatibility with the roll-to-roll fabrication processes, would find wide range of applications including smart windows and display devices. We anticipate that this work provides a significant step in realization of graphene based optoelectronics.
Open Access
Graphene-enabled electrically controlled terahertz spatial light modulators
(Optical Society of America, 2015-05-01) Kakenov, N.; Takan, T.; Ozkan, V. A.; Balcı, O.; Polat, E. O.; Altan, H.; Kocabas, C.
In this Letter, we demonstrate a broadband terahertz (THz) spatial light modulator using 5×5 arrays of large area graphene supercapacitors. Our approach relies on controlling spatial charge distribution on a passive matrix array of patterned graphene electrodes. By changing the voltage bias applied to the rows and columns, we were able to pattern the THz transmittance through the device with high modulation depth and low operation voltage. We anticipate that the simplicity of the device architecture with high contrast THz modulation over a broad spectral range could provide new tools for THz imaging and communication systems.
Open Access
Graphene-enabled optoelectronics on paper
(American Chemical Society, 2016-06) Polat, E. O.; Uzlu, H. B.; Balci, O.; Kakenov, N.; Kovalska, E.; Kocabas, C.
The realization of optoelectronic devices on paper has been an outstanding challenge due to the large surface roughness and incompatible nature of paper with optical materials. Here, we demonstrate a new class of optoelectronic devices on a piece of printing paper using graphene as an electrically reconfigurable optical medium. Our approach relies on electro-modulation of optical properties of multilayer graphene on paper via blocking the interband electronic transitions. The paper based devices yield high optical contrast in the visible spectrum with a fast response. Pattering graphene into multiple pixels, folding paper into three-dimensional shapes or printing colored ink on paper substrates enable us to demonstrate novel optoelectronic devices which cannot be realized with wafer-based techniques.
Open Access
Highly proton conductive phosphoric acid-nonionic surfactant lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases and application in graphene optical modulators
(American Chemical Society, 2014) Tunkara, E.; Albayrak, C.; Polat, E. O.; Kocabas, C.; Dag, Ö.
Proton conducting gel electrolytes are very important components of clean energy devices. Phosphoric acid (PA, H3PO4 3 H2O) is one of the best proton conductors, but needs to be incorporated into some matrix for real device applications, such as into lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases (LLCMs). Herein, we show that PA and nonionic surfactant (NS, C12H25(OCH2CH2)10OH, C12E10) molecules self-assemble into PANS LLCMs and display high proton conductivity. The content of the PANS LLCM can be as high 75% H3PO4 3 H2O and 25% 10-lauryl ether (C12H25(OCH2CH2)10OH, C12E10), and the mesophase follows the usual LLC trend, bicontinuous cubic (V1) normal hexagonal (H1) micelle cubic (I1), by increasing the PA concentration in the media. The PANS LLCMs are stable under ambient conditions, as well as at high (up to 130 C) and low ( 100 C) temperatures with a high proton conductivity, in the range of 10 2 to 10 6 S/cm. The mesophase becomes a mesostructured solid with decent proton conductivity below 100 C. The mesophase can be used in many applications as a proton-conducting media as well as a phosphate source for the synthesis of various metal phosphates. As an application, we demonstrate a graphene-based optical modulator using supercapacitor structure formed by graphene electrodes and a PANS electrolyte. A PANS LLC electrolyte-based supercapacitor enables efficient optical modulation of graphene electrodes over a range of wavelengths, from 500 nm to 2 μm, under ambient conditions.
Open Access
Synthesis of graphene on gold
(A I P Publishing, 2011) Oznuluer, T.; Pince, E.; Polat, E. O.; Balci, O.; Salihoglu, O.; Kocabas, C.
Here we report chemical vapor deposition of graphene on gold surface at ambient pressure. We studied effects of the growth temperature, pressure, and cooling process on the grown graphene layers. The Raman spectroscopy of the samples reveals the essential properties of the graphene grown on gold surface. In order to characterize the electrical properties of the grown graphene layers, we have transferred them on insulating substrates and fabricated field effect transistors. Owing to distinctive properties of gold, the ability to grow graphene layers on gold surface could open new applications of graphene in electrochemistry and spectroscopy. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.
Open Access
Synthesis of graphene on ultra-smooth copper foils for large area flexible electronics
(IEEE, 2015) Polat, E. O.; Balcı, Osman; Kakenov, Nurbek; Kocabaş, Coşkun; Dahiya, R.
This work demonstrates the synthesis of high quality, single layer graphene on commercially available ultra-smooth copper foils. The presented method will result in improved scalability of graphene based electronic and optical devices. Our approach is compatible with roll-to-roll printing as well as transfer printing of graphene layers on to a broad range of substrates including flexible and ultra-thin polymers. We propose that using commercially available ultra-smooth coppers provides scalable approach with the reduced variation of transport properties sourced from local graphene quality.
Open Access
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for identification of morphological defects and disorders in graphene devices
(AIP Publishing, 2016) Aydogan, P.; Polat, E. O.; Kocabas, C.; Süzer, Şefik
The progress in the development of graphene devices is promising, and they are now considered as an option for the current Si-based electronics. However, the structural defects in graphene may strongly influence the local electronic and mechanical characteristics. Although there are well-established analytical characterization methods to analyze the chemical and physical parameters of this material, they remain incapable of fully understanding of the morphological disorders. In this study, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with an external voltage bias across the sample is used for the characterization of morphological defects in large area of a few layers graphene in a chemically specific fashion. For the XPS measurements, an external +6 V bias applied between the two electrodes and areal analysis for three different elements, C1s, O1s, and Au4f, were performed. By monitoring the variations of the binding energy, the authors extract the voltage variations in the graphene layer which reveal information about the structural defects, cracks, impurities, and oxidation levels in graphene layer which are created purposely or not. Raman spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm some of the findings. This methodology the authors offer is simple but provides promising chemically specific electrical and morphological information.