Dept. of Archaeology - Master's degree
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Item Open Access Asardibi (Casara), a classical, hellenistic and early Roman harbor in the Rhodian Peraea(Bilkent University, 1997) Devrim Atauz, AyşeCasara is an ancient town on the Bozbumn peninsula, the ancient Loryma peninsula on the southwestern coast of Turkey. The site has been visited by modem scholars for general epigraphic surveys since the end of the nineteenth century, and the inscriptions have been published. The last scholarly visit to the site was by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology survey team, in 1982, who surveyed the underwater remains on the northern harbor of the city: Asardibi. The pottery remains found at Asardibi, in accordance with the underwater material found at Serçe Limanı, the southern harbor of the city of Casara, and the inscriptions studied from the site yielded the period of occupation of the site, between the fourth century B.C. and the second century A.D.. The research about the political and administrative status of the region, known as the Rhodian Peraea, demonstrates the importance and the historical context of Casara, being a Peraean deme center during its period of occupation. Considering the general maritime traffic of the^period, Casara was on the main trade routes and functioned as a Rhodian harbor on the mainland. In addition, due to its strategic position on the isthmus of the Loryma peninsula it was a local harbor serving the local traffic of the Incorporated Peraea. The investigation of the natural and human resources of the Casaran territory in antiquity completes the general picture and demonstrates that Casara and other towns in the Incorporated Rhodian Peraea served as places to provide manpower for the operation of the Rhodian navy.Item Open Access Wave-Line pottery from the late iron age levels of Kinet Hoyuk(Bilkent University, 1997) Songu, FilizEast Greek originated Wave-Line pottery is generally dated between the eighth and fifth centuries B.C., and was recovered in large amounts from the Kinet Hoyuk Excavations. Since this group of pottery has a wide distribution in Eastern Greek sites and throughout their overseas colonies, it provides important clues about the colonization movements and the trade activities of the Archaic period. The Wave-Line pottery of Kinet Hoyuk, which was recovered from the Late Iron Age (seventh-fourth centuries B.C.) levels and dated between the late seventh and sixth centuries B.C., was evaluated in order to understand the character of the site. Besides classification and dating of the Wave-Line group, a selection of the Greek and Aegean imported pottery was also examined. However, any conclusive result, which might give evidence that the site was an Ionian colony, could not be obtained. As geomorphological research has indicated, Kinet Hoyuk had two natural harbors in ancient times which made the site an active trade center beginning from the Early Bronze Age. It was concluded that, during the Late Iron Age, the site was still active and serving as a trade post like the other trade centers in the eastern Medterranean, such as Al Mina and Tell Sukas.Item Open Access The legacy of the hippodrome at Constantinople(Bilkent University, 1998) Varinlioğlu, GünderCircuses were among the most popular Roman entertainment buildings from the early seventh century BC up to the sixth century AD. Although they were primarily designed for chanot races, circuses remained closely tied to the public life of a city by incorporating a number of religious, commercial and ceremonial functions. Their role in Roman daily and political life further increased in the late Empire and especially under the tetrarchy when the circus, which was by then physically connected to the imperial palace, has become the major arena for the visual and verbal contact between the emperor and the public, and a sine qua non component of tetrarchic centers. The Hippodrome of Constantinople believed to be started by Septimius Severus at the end of the second century and completed by Constantine in 330 AD, had a peculiar place among Roman circuses, because it was the circus par excellence of the Eastern Roman Empire. On the other hand, up to the twelfth century, it kept alive the tradition of chariot races which gradually became interwoven in imperial ceremonies. Furthermore, the Hippodrome adjunct to the Great Palace of the emperors, represented the fundamental public space of the city which was also a religious, administrative, commercial, ceremonial and entertainment center. Today, the Atmeydani (the place of horses), spanning almost half a kilometer from the Northwest to the Southeast between Sultan Ahmet Mosque and the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts (former Ibrahim Paşa Palace), still recalls the memory of chariot races through its name. The site bears the surviving remains of the structure, limited to two obelisks and a column, namely the Theodosian Obelisk, the Serpent Column and the Column of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, located on the longitudinal middle axis of the arena and the monumental brick and rubble substructures of the semicircular southern end (sphendone) of the Hippodrome. Although such an important building has been continuously mentioned and described by waters and travelers throughout the centunes, neither the constructional history nor the architectural charactenstics of the Hippodrome have been securely reconstructed. This paper encounters two broad questions about the Hippodrome at Constantinople: First, it investigates the role of the Hippodrome in the public life of the city and in the urban memory, from its inauguration up to the twentieth century. This first study is based on the interpretation of the secondary sources, the accounts of ancient authors and chroniclers as well as the pictorial matenal (miniatures, engravings, maps, photographs etc.) that was handed over throughout centuries. Second, it attempts to locate the Hippodrome in the tradition of circus building through a comparative analysis of the available data on a number of late Roman circuses. This second study consists of the evaluation of the archaeological excavations and surveys previously carried out on the site in comparison to the field survey and documentation work we have undertaken at the substructures of the sphendone in 1997, in order to discuss the earliest and subsequent building phases of the surviving remains and thus locate it in a building tradition. Reassessing the urban and constructional value of the Hippodrome in the past and its legacy in the present, we aim at drawing attention to the urgent need of preservation and presentation of the remains to the general public.Item Open Access The monuments of Roman Ancyra reviewed(Bilkent University, 1998) Cooke, Susan D.In this paper, the accepted conclusions o f Roman Ancyra's monuments are reinterpreted based on the analysis o f the original excavation, epigraphic and numismatic reports. As will be garnered from this study, no conclusive dates can be applied to any o f the buildings and many o f the theories concerning Roman Ancyra are revealed to be doubtful. Questions still persevere, but the information within this text reflects Roman Ancyra's complex and unresolved nature. Since no clear empirical archaeological evidence exists to prove Ancyra's chronology, the controversy concerning the so-called Temple of "Augustus and Roma" continues, and it remains unknown if the Temple is Roman, Hellenistic or Galatian. It is not only this monument that inspires speculation and debate, but all of Roman Ancyra's standing and reported structures. Little known and abandoned, the Roman Theater bears the speculative date of 128 AD, yet no documentation available can divulge an actual time o f construction. While characteristically Roman in appearance, its unusual parodoi-md hillside location could motivate future scholarship to argue for a Hellenistic, Early imperial or Hadrianic date. An andesite road commonly assumed to have been decorated with an architrave was found to be not so. Its architrave really belongs to the palaestra of the Bath, which in form was originally thought to be a market, and which produced a bronze bust o f the Emperor Trajan. The name on the architrave also indicates that the Roman Bath might not have been built by the accepted benefactor at the accepted Caracallan date. Nor can it be confidently asserted that this Bath is symmetrical. It may have been left unfinished or so seriously altered that the original intention o f the builder is lost. These facts, in addition to inscriptions and coins, allow for a more cohesive, if imperfectly understood, image o f Ancyra to emerge. Even if the present end result is that Roman Ancyra, inclusive o f the urban design and context, is simply not known, the research presented here attempts to aid in a necessary reconstruction.Item Open Access Elmali plain : a review of its environmental setting and archaeological settlements(Bilkent University, 1999) İlseven, YaseminThe Elm alı Plain is located in Northern Lycia, in the Teke Peninsula o f Southwest Anatolia. The plain is geographically in a transitional zone between the forest rich Taurus Mountains and the Highlands of the Anatolian Plateau. Being a fertile upland basin, it is the closest large arable land mass to coastal Lycia. This thesis aims to place the Elmalı Plain in an environmental context and to compile the information regarding the history and archaeology o f the region starting with the Prehistoric periods up to the Islamic occupation of the plain. It evaluates the present evidence o f literary sources, epigraphy, numismatic and archaeological remains. The thesis will also trace the history of traveUers accounts and scholarly research done in the region, and will try to understand the gaps that exist in our archaeological knowledge and identify issues that can be pursued further. The Elmalı Plain, with its natural resources, was able to hold substantial populations, which is evident from the archaeological records for periods such as the Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, Iron Ages and the Roman period. Existing evidence far from suggests a definite continuity or discontinuity for all the historical periods, on which future investigations, especially the ongoing project o f Hacim usalar excavations and survey, will throw more light. The present archaeological evidence for the Elm alı Plain suggests that the region, rather than being a remote upland region, was a transitional zone, both culturally and geographically between coastal Lycia and the upland regions o f Kibyra, Kabalia and Pisidia.Item Open Access The Cypro-Anatolian connections in the late Bronze Age(Bilkent University, 1999) Kozal, EkinThe relations between Anatolia and C3^rus in the Late Bronze Age have been neglected in contrast to the growing interest in the Eastern Mediterranean trade. The main goal of this thesis is to bring this subject to light. These relations were attested in the Hittite sources for two centuries (ca. 1400- 1200 B.C.) and in Ugaritic sources in the 13th century B.C. Within this historical framework the connections are reviewed in different perspectives. Correlations between the historical sources and the archaeological evidence are proposed. In this period, friendly relations existed, wliich were implied in the written texts until the time shortly before the collapse of the Hittite Empire. From the 15th until the 13th centuries White Slip and Base Ring wares were exported to Cilicia, whereas in the 13th century the Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware was transported to the Hittite capital thiough the Göksu Valley. The new ceramic distribution pattern in the 13th century shows the increase of the Hittites’ interest in overseas activities. Besides, this was the time when the Hittite capital was moved to the land of Tarhuntassa. At the end of the 13th century B.C. with the military intervention of Hittites, Cyprus came under the control of the Hittite Empire. This was demonstrated in the archaeological record by the Hittite small finds in Cyprus. In this preliminary study I have also touched upon the geophysical features of southern Anatolia and Cyprus, the distribution of the Late Bronze Age sites in both places, the climatic factors and conditions, which play a very important role in the ancient navigation and the physical layout of the coastlines. Conclusively, a synthesis of these various factors are put forward.Item Open Access The archaeology and history of Selinus from its origins to the reign of Diocletian(Bilkent University, 1999) De'Block, Jason RichardThe archaeology and history of the less important centers of antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean has been a subject that has been generally neglected by modern scholarship. Until recently much study in the field of archaeology has concentrated on the larger more urban centers. However much information about life in the past can be gleaned from such 'less important' places. This work hopes to begin to fill the gap in such scholarship. The site covered here is only one of many which could benefit from similar treatment and much more work needs to be done before adequate comparisons can be drawn and a suitably complex picture of the character of such sites can be made. We do not know when the origin of settlement began at Selin us, but it is referred to as early as the 6th century BC. From there the settlement and the region it is located in receive scant mention. By the pt century AD Selinus had reached what is perhaps the apex of its development. Urbanisation under the Romans rendered many improvements to the city and a majority of the materials remaining on the site reflect this. This work will summarise the history and archaeology of Selinus until the reign of the emperor Diocletian and will hopefully serve as an example of the character of small-scale settlement in Classical antiquity.Item Open Access An historical and iconographical study of a group of twenty post Byzantine icons in the Antalya Museum(Bilkent University, 1999) Yandım, SercanThe present thesis explores a group of twenty unpublished Post Byzantine Greek Orthodox icons housed in the Antalya Museum. The entire collection of icons in the Antalya Museum numbers 172. These twenty icons, a representative sample of the whole collection, are examined in terms of their chronology, provenance, and stylistic and iconographie features. A detailed catalogue of the icons provides a complete documentation. The icons rarely have fixed dates. Of the twenty presented here, two have dates painted on them, and five others have either dates pencilled on the back or iconographie indicators of dates, and so can be assigned a terminus post quern or a terminus ante quern. These dates, either a precise year or within a certain range, are in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The remaining thirteen icons, because of general similarities of their style and iconography to these seven, seem also to be products of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The place of manufacture of these icons is almost without exception unknown. However, they all ended in Antalya, and thus represent the tastes of nineteenth century Greek Orthodox Antalians and the kinds of icons that they could obtain, either locally or while on travels. The thesis first explores the cultural context of the Greek Orthodox community of nineteenth and early twentieth century Antalya. Then, as a background for the twenty Antalian icons, the nature and purpose of icons are surveyed, fi"om early Christianity to modem times. The catalogue follows. Finally, the chronology, place of manufacture, and stylistic and iconographie features are discussed. Four stylistic approaches are identified: Conservative, Provincial, Western, and Eclectic. Their usesamong the twenty Antalian icons and selected icons from elsewhere in Turkey and Greece are discussed. The icons housed in the Antalya Museum provide information on the Greek Orthodox population of Late Ottoman Antalya, both as artistic expressions of religious beliefs and practices and as historical documents. But Post-Byzantine art, especially as it survives in Turkey, has been little studied and is poorly known. This study, by presenting twenty previously unpublished icons firom the Antalya Museum collection, has taken a step toward filling this gapItem Open Access The Nereid Monument relief sculptures in review(Bilkent University, 1999) Tanyeri, TuğbaThe Nereid Monument is a 4th century funerary monument from Xanthos, Lycia. It is richly adorned with sculptural decorations. The sculptural reliefs of the Nereid Monument display a fusion of local Lycian traditions with stylistic and iconographic influences from Greece and Persia. These reliefs also carry a strong propagandistic message. This thesis aims to investigate the meaning embedded in these relief sculptures, through a historical analysis. The introduction summarizes the previous sculptural and iconographic studies conducted on the Nereid Monument. A detailed investigation of the Lycian history from 6th to 4th centuries B.C. based on epigraphic, literary, archaeological and numismatic evidence is presented in the first chapter. The sculptural decorations are presented according to their reconstructed placement on the monument. The blocks constituting the relief sculptures are catalogued and described. Each scene and iconographic detail represented on the reliefs is discussed through an analysis of the comparanda material. The cultural, political, religious and military propaganda illustrated in the relief sculptures is discussed in the eighth chapter. In the conclusion the significance of these propaganda messages is investigated within the context of Lycian history.Item Open Access Caveat emptor : the intellectual consequences of undocumented excavation, with special reference to Roman period archaeological material from Turkey(Bilkent University, 2000) Haley, Shannon M.This paper explores how undocumented excavation affects archaeological research. Roman period remains in Anatolia are often victim to undocumented excavation. The problem is extensive and reflects the modern esteem for classical antiquities. Undocumented excavation has many negative effects. It changes site topography and stratigraphy and results in the loss of an artefact’s archaeological context. The problems presented by undocumented excavation are explored in tliree different case studies. The first chapter studies sculptures attributed to the sites of Perge and Boubon. The second chapter focuses on third century coin hoards attributed to a var iety of sites in Anatolia. The third chapter discusses the mosaics of Zeugma and Antioch. The study of these different bodies of evidence demonstrated that undocumented excavation presents very complex problems for archaeological research. The loss of archaeological context means there is no way for a scholar to verify an artefact’s authenticity. The attribution of an artefact to a specific site may be based on a scholar’s expectation of where such an artefact should be found. In this way, unprovenanced material corrupts the data available to the archaeologist. Over time, this results in the acceptance of beliefs about the role of these artefacts in the past, even though these beliefs rest on data that is far from secure.Item Open Access The Neolithic of Central and Northwestern Anatolia, Thrace and its relations with Southeastern Europe(Bilkent University, 2000) Arıkan, BülentIn this thesis, I intend to focus on the Neolithic of North-West Anatolia. Thanks to recent research activities by M.Özdoğan (1997; 1998c& d; 1999b), T. Efe (1995, 2000) and J. J. Roodenberg (1995a& b; 2000a& b) it is now possible to define a North-West Anatolian Neolithic. With such a definition, it will be possible to decide whether this néolithisation can be understood as an autonomous development or as a consequence of diffusion from another place most probably from the Near East. It is also aimed to present a clearer chronology, which is most needed at this stage of researches. As a base for the discussion, a thorough synthesis of the development in architecture and pottery will be presented.^ Other groups of material culture will be used in a selective way, in order to emphasise relationships, since a full discussion is beyond the limits of M.A. thesis. The area covered comprises Central Anatolia (Can Hasan III, Suberde Musular, Erbaba, Köşk Höyük), the Lake District (Hacılar, Bademağacı, Höyücek and Kuruçay), Marmara (Ihpınar, Fikirtepe and Pendik) and Turkish Thrace (Hoca Çeşme, Aşağı Pınar and Yarımburgaz). It will allow a general description of the cultural and chronological development of the North-West Anatolian Neolithic, its long distance contacts and its cultural connections. A comparison between the North-West Anatolian Neolithic and the Neolithic cultures of neighbouring regions, especially the Balkans and Central Anatolia will help to understand mutual relationships between these areas. In the conclusion, the néolithisation process in the Marmara and Turkish Thrace and its relations with the neighbouring regions will be evaluated.Item Open Access Relating architecture to social complexity in the early Bronze Age : Southeastern Anatolia(Bilkent University, 2001) Keskin, AzerThe relationship of architecture to social complexity is a subject that is often pronounced. This thesis aims to study how architecture relates to social complexity for a particular period and place: for the Early Bronze Age in Southeastern Anatolia. Three sites in the region, Titriş, Kurban, and Lidar are chosen as the case study for this purpose. The sites are studied through an analysis of architectural features, such as planning, access and circulation patterns, and boundary control, in order to understand the nature and degree of complexity. In addition to architecture, burials are studied as indicators of social complexity to provide an independent set of data. Differentiation in size, type, and wealth of the burials are among the main criteria used to evaluate complexity. Other archaeological information, such as seals, pottery, and figurines are also used when necessary and relevant. The results of the study of the burials are then compared to results of the architectural analysis, in order to articulate in what ways they relate. As a conclusion, it is observed that architectural complexity parallels social complexity in all three sites. This conclusion is also confirmed by the instances of the two other sites studied as comparanda: the Ubaid settlement of Değirmentepe in Anatolia as a contrasting case and the Early Bronze Age settlement of Tell Taya in Iraq as a conforming one.Item Open Access The church at Choma (Hacımusalar, Elmalı-Antalya) and its materials(Bilkent University, 2001) Arıkan, Suna ÇağaptayThis thesis evaluates the evidence for the churches that have been excavated between 1998 and 2000 on the mound of Hacımusalar Höyük in the Elmalı plain in northern Lycia, a site that has been identified with the Choma known from ancient documentary sources. Three churches have been identified, constructed consecutively in the same location on the mound, the first a basilica with a triconch chapel, the second a triconch church, and the third a small church that has basically a cross-insquare plan. The plans of the churches are discussed, as well as their architectural decoration, wall paintings, mosaics, liturgical objects and pottery, using comparative material from other sites in Lycia and elsewhere to attempt to date the structures and place them within their context in Byzantine Anatolia. Of particular significance are the wall paintings and mosaics, which rarely survive in provincial churches. Despite the limitations posed mainly by the lack of published comparanda and the fact that the excavation is not yet completed, it is hoped that the presentation and discussion of this material will be a step towards a better understanding of the Byzantine period and Christianity in Choma, Lycia and the provinces in general.Item Open Access Tarsus Republic Square late Roman cooking wares - 2001(Bilkent University, 2002) Toskay Evrin, ÇiğdemThis thesis deals with the Cooking Wares of the Tarsus Republic Square uncovered during the 2001 Season. The context of all the pottery examined in this study is from trenches 4J, 5K and 5L in Area I, from the Late Roman period. The research approach that is followed is a multi-disciplinary one combining archaeological, social-anthropological, statistical and culture-historical methods.Item Open Access Aspects of the ancient economy in West-Central Turkey in the first millennium BC(Bilkent University, 2002) Çonka, SevilThe Iron Age sites, Gordion and Kalehöyük are studied in their environmental settings in the regional context of Central Anatolia to present an overview of ancient subsistence economy. The purpose of selecting two different sites is to determine the role of the physical differences of their environments on shaping the regulation of agricultural activities. This thesis attempts to correlate all lines of available environmental and subsistence data from excavations and surveys with the present day land use analysis and ethnographic researches. It is hoped that through a comparison of available data from these two sites that a better understanding of ancient agricultural systems can be determined. The results obtained from several sources indicate that the ecological variables are the basis of the subsistence economy and economic strategies of the ancient inhabitants of Gordion and Kalehöyük.Item Open Access The Jews and Christians of imperial Asia Minor, the literary and material evidence(Bilkent University, 2002) Tanyar, AlevThis paper examines the effect of two religions on Asia Minor during the Roman Imperial period. The Jews existed long before the Christians, and although Judaism and Christianity greatly differed from each other to the Romans they seemed similar, they believed in one God and would not worship any other being, not even the emperor. People of both faiths and identity lived and managed to develop in an environment that was at times hostile. The first part of the thesis focuses on the Jews, when they came, how they developed and what we know of them from literary and material evidence. The second part is on the Christians, how their faith spread to Asia Minor, how they survived the persecutions and the evidence they left behind at a time when their religious practices and faith were considered illegal by the Roman government. The nature of the evidence for both groups are very different, for this reason a comparison is not possible. However it is impossible to study one without the other as they effect each other. Asia Minor proves to be a place where both religions prospered and its cosmopolite nature and topography provided protection for the followers of these religions that were so ‘different’ from the average Roman citizen. This study not only brings together important representatives of the available literary evidence but also most of the material evidence that has so far been discovered. All evidence in its own way reveals a desire to preserve an identity that is attached to their faith, not only to protect but also to proclaim.Item Open Access History of archaeological and cultural heritage management in Turkey and Europe : a look from the past to the present(Bilkent University, 2003) Saraç, DinçThis paper explores the historical evolution of archaeological heritage management in Turkey and in Europe. Its overall aim is to draw attention to the growing significance of archaeological heritage management, and to discuss the modern approaches related to this field. Within the European context, the history of archaeological protection goes back to the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, the preservation of archaeological heritage became a firmly established concept all over Europe when most of the European countries established legislations and relevant institutions associated with archaeology. After World War II, archaeology became a tool to rehabilitate the European historical past in advance of redevelopment in the war-torn cities of Europe. Today, archaeological heritage management in Europe is regarded as the collective responsibility of all nations and all disciplines. Turkey has a long experience in archaeology like most of the European countries and it possesses substantial archaeological resources, but the archaeological heritage in the country is not adequately preserved and managed due to administrative, bureaucratic, educational, legislative and economic problems. These problems, which also exist in most of the European countries such as Greece and Italy, are needed to be overcome by Turkey preparing to become a member of the European Union.Item Open Access Greek influence in the anthropomorphic representation of deities in Hellenized Asia : Parthia, Nemrut Dağı, and Gandhara(Bilkent University, 2003) Uçar, Funda BaşakThis thesis analyzes the varying utilization of the Greek idea of anthropomorphic representation of deities in the Hellenized western Asia. In order to explore the different ways in which Greek models were absorbed and utilized by Eastern cultural and artistic traditions, three case studies are examined. Sculptural media is the focus, with subject matter, style, iconography, and patronage to be considered. The cultural, social, religious, and political circumstances are investigated to obtain insight about the nature and reasons of borrowings from the Greek artistic repertoire. The first case study is Parthian art. The Parthians were selective in their adaptation. The Greek language was used for administration along with Aramaic and the Parthians struck coins in Greek fashion. In contrast, in the few sculptural examples surviving from the Parthian period, the influence of Greek art is not attested. The second case study is Nemrut Dağı, a mountaintop sanctuary in Commagene. In the sculptural decoration of the monument, Greek religious repertoire and iconography are used extensively together with Persian elements in the visual expression of the political propaganda of the Commagene dynasty. The third case study is Gandharan art. Here, Greek artistic principles were adapted and incorporated into the local artistic tradition in the creation of the Buddha image in anthropomorphic form, unique to the region. In this study it is suggested that the intensive production of the Buddha images in the reign of the Kushan dynasty might be due to the aim to unite the people under their rule and to show their royal patronage. These three cultures had direct relations with Greek art. Each, however, responded differently to this interaction. In the course of this thesis, it is observed that the main factor behind the varying utilization of Greek artistic principles is politics. The kingdoms in the lands conquered by Alexander the Great used Greek art for political propaganda.Item Open Access A life on top : a survey of stylite saints(Bilkent University, 2003) Aykanat Çam, İlkeThis thesis presents the available information about the stylite saints who lived during the Byzantine period within the borders of modern Turkey. Stylites are Christian ascetics who lived on top of columns. There are over a hundred stylites mentioned in written sources, who lived between the fifth century and the nineteenth century. The vast amount of information is diverse ranging from historical and literary evidence to art historical and archaeological remains. This evidence is evaluated in order to present the circumstances that led to the invention of stylitism and outline a stylite’s daily life. Later, the iconography of stylites is discussed. The last section of the work is reserved to the Monastery of St. Simeon the Younger in Samandağı near Antioch. The author hopes that this work has contributed to this interdisciplinary subject for the use of future studies.Item Open Access The Antakya Sarcophagus : design elements and the chronology of the Docimeum columnar sarcophagi(Bilkent University, 2003) Öğüş, EsenThis thesis analyses the Antakya Sarcophagus within the context of other Docimeum columnar sarcophagi. The figured and architectural decoration of the Antakya Sarcophagus is described in detail, and a brief account of its contents is presented. The thesis also discusses the prototypes and the identification of the figure types and the affinity of these figure types to those on the comparable columnar sarcophagi. Finally, a production date for the Antakya Sarcophagus is proposed, and the controversies related to the accepted chronology of Docimeum columnar sarcophagi are demonstrated.