Grounded theory approach on audio-visual perception of users in a university cafeteria

The study aimed to create a conceptual framework for audio-visual perception in cafeteria environments by comparing four locations with distinct audio-visual characteristics in a cafeteria at Bilkent University, Türkiye. An exploratory study was conducted using ISO 12913-2 Soundscape Method C semi-structured interviews and analyzed via the Grounded Theory (GT) method with ATLAS.ti software. To assess the perceived environment, an ISO 12913-2 Soundscape Method A questionnaire survey was administered, Equivalent Continuous A-weighted Sound Levels (LAeq) were monitored, and signal analysis generated spectrograms and time histories. Additionally, image analysis evaluated the visual environment. These measurements and responses were used to assess the Perceived Affective Quality (PAQ) of the current environment. The resulting conceptual framework revealed a complex interplay between audio-visual contextual aspects, showing that auditory perceptions are influenced by more than just sound levels. Perceptions of sound level and source varied with different audio-visual contexts. The framework indicated that natural sounds and views reduced negative soundscapes and increased user preference. Negative responses to excessive noise and disruptive sounds highlighted the adverse effects of an unfavorable acoustic environment on comfort and satisfaction. Users employed distraction and coping mechanisms to transform negative responses into neutral or positive perceptions. Participants generally expected visual elements that enhance comfort, such as nature views, indoor plants, fewer crowds, artwork, cheerful socializing, more empty seats, clean surfaces, well-arranged furniture, and larger tables.