Manganese-doped iron sulfide nanoplatelets on carbon cloth: a negative electrode material for flexible and wearable supercapacitors

Abstract

Herein, we report the direct growth of manganese-doped iron sulfide (pyrrhotite) nanoplatelets on the carbon cloth (CC) fibers by a one-step hydrothermal method without the need for organic binders. Manganese-doped iron sulfide nanoplatelets on CC (MFS-CC) revealed surface enrichment of polysulfide species over sulfites, exhibited a variety of $Mn^{2+/3+/4+}$, $Fe^{3+/4+}$ surface species as well as unique $Fe_x$$Mn_y$$O_z$$S_n$ surface domains resulting in a multitude of electroactive sites, enhancing ion transport and an exceptional electrochemical performance. As-prepared electrodes yielded a high specific capacitance of 206 F $g^{−1}$ at a scan rate of 10 $mVs^{−1}$. Moreover, once constructed, the electrodes were encapsulated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to ensure efficient operation for up to three months. As a result, the device demonstrated remarkable cyclic stability, enduring up to 11,000 cycles without degradation. Finally, the assembled electrodes were integrated to form an asymmetric wearable supercapacitor, and this device effectively illuminated a green light emitting diode (LED) integrated into a hoodie, showcasing its potential for powering wearable electronics.