Browsing by Type "Report"

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Open Access
2023'e doğru Türkiye'de üniversite kütüphaneleri: mevcut durum, sorunlar, standartlar ve çözüm önerileri
(Yükseköğretim Kurulu, 2014) Akbaytürk Çanak, Tuba; Çelik, Sönmez; Çetinkaya, İsmail; Çukadar, Sami; Güneş, Güssün; Gürdal, Gültekin; Holt, İlkay; Kaya, Ebru; Kaygusuz, Ayhan
Çağın gereklerine uygun ve dünya ile rekabet edebilir bir eğitim, öğretim ve araştırma altyapısı için üniversitelerin en azından kendi alanlarında üretilen bilgiye erişebilecek ve bu bilgiyi 7/24 kullanıcılarının hizmetine sunabilecek altyapıya sahip olmaları gerekir. Bu altyapıdan yoksun bir üniversitede dünyanın bilgi ve deneyiminden yeterince yararlanılamadığı ve hatta daha önce üretilmiş bilgi ve deneyimleri tekrar üretmek üzere gereksiz yere zaman ve para harcandığı ileri sürülebilir. Oysa dünyadaki söz sahibi üniversitelere bakıldığında, bu üniversitelerin kütüphanelerine ciddi yatırımlar yaptıkları ve bu yatırımların sürdürülebilir olması için gerekli önlemleri aldıkları görülür. Örnek vermek gerekirse; Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda üniversite kütüphanelerinin kurum başına ortalama yayın alım bütçesi 9.386.523 dolar, en düşük yayın alım bütçesi ise 5.196.342 dolardır. American Research Library (ARL) üyesi olan Amerika ve Kanada üniversitelerinde kurum başına ortalama yayın alım bütçesi 10.388.129 dolar, en düşük yayın alım bütçesi ise 3.823.732 dolardır. Kütüphane çalışanları açısından bakıldığında Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda üniversite kütüphanelerindeki en az personel sayısı 53, Amerika ve Kanada üniversitelerindeki en az personel sayısı ise 117’dir. Ülkemiz nüfusunun %42’si 0-24 yaş grubundadır. Sahip olduğumuz genç nüfus nedeniyle üniversite eğitimine büyük bir talep vardır ve her yıl 2 milyona yakın genç üniversiteye girmek için çaba göstermektedir. 2014 yılı verilerine göre ülkemizde bu talebe cevap vermeye çalışan 104’ü devlet, 72’si vakıf olmak üzere toplam 176 üniversite vardır. Bu üniversitelerin 98’i 2006-2014 yılları arasında kurulmuştur. Çok çeşitli alanlara yatırım yapmak zorunda olan yeni kurulmuş üniversiteler maalesef kütüphaneler için yeterince kaynak ayıramamakta ve bu durum sonraki yıllarda da düzeltilememektedir. Yeterli parasal kaynaklar, nitelikli personel, uygun mekanlar ve araştırmayı destekleyecek nitelikte koleksiyonlar oluşturulabilmesi için standartlar belirlenmesi ve bu standartların üniversitelerin kuruluşundan itibaren uygulanması sorunun çözümü için gereklidir.
Open Access
The Association between familial risk and brain abnormalities Is disease specific: an ENIGMA-relatives study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
(Elsevier, 2019) Zwarte, S. M. C.; Brouwer, R. M.; Agartz, I.; Alda, M.; Aleman, A.; Alpert, K. I.; Bearden, C. E.; Bertolino, A.; Bois, C.; Bonvino, A.; Bramon, E.; Buimer, E.; Cahn, W.; Cannon, D. M.; Cannon, T. D.; Caseras, X.; Castro-Fornieles, J.; Chen, Q.; Serna, E.; Giorgio, A. D.; Doucet, G.; Eker, M. C.; Erk, S.; Fears, S.; Foley, S.; Frangou, S.; Frankland, A.; Fullerton, J.; Glahn, D.; Goghari, V.; Goldman, A.; Gonul, A.; Gruber, O.; Haan, L.; Hajek, T.; Hawkins, E.; Heinz, A.; Hillegers, M.; Pol, H.; Hultman, C.; Ingvar, M.; Johansson, V.; Jönsson, E.; Kane, K.; Kempton, M.; Koenis, M.; Kopecek, M.; Krabbendam, L.; Krämer, B.; Lawrie, S.; Lenroot, R.; Marcelis, M.; Marsman, J-B; Mattay, V.; McDonald, C.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Michielse, S.; Mitchell, P.; Moreno, D.; Murray, R.; Mwangi, B.; Najt, P.; Neilson, E.; Newport, J.; Os, J.; Overs, B.; Özerdem, A.; Picchioni, M.; Richter, A.; Roberts, G.; Aydoğan, A. S.; Schofield, P.; Şimşek, F.; Soares, J.; Sugranyes, G.; Toulopoulou, Timothea; Tronchin, G.; Walter, H.; Wang, L.; Weinberger, D.; Whalley, H.; Yalın, N.; Andreassen, O.; Ching, C.; Erp, T.; Turner, J.; Jahanshad, N.; Thompson, P.; Kahn, R.; Haren, N.
Abstract Background Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic liability, and some structural brain abnormalities are common to both conditions. First-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (FDRs-SZ) show similar brain abnormalities to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Imaging findings in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (FDRs-BD) have been inconsistent in the past, but recent studies report regionally greater volumes compared with control subjects. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of global and subcortical brain measures of 6008 individuals (1228 FDRs-SZ, 852 FDRs-BD, 2246 control subjects, 1016 patients with schizophrenia, 666 patients with bipolar disorder) from 34 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts with standardized methods. Analyses were repeated with a correction for intracranial volume (ICV) and for the presence of any psychopathology in the relatives and control subjects. Results FDRs-BD had significantly larger ICV (d = +0.16, q < .05 corrected), whereas FDRs-SZ showed smaller thalamic volumes than control subjects (d = −0.12, q < .05 corrected). ICV explained the enlargements in the brain measures in FDRs-BD. In FDRs-SZ, after correction for ICV, total brain, cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, cerebellar gray and white matter, and thalamus volumes were significantly smaller; the cortex was thinner (d < −0.09, q < .05 corrected); and third ventricle was larger (d = +0.15, q < .05 corrected). The findings were not explained by psychopathology in the relatives or control subjects. Conclusions Despite shared genetic liability, FDRs-SZ and FDRs-BD show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities, specifically a divergent effect in ICV. This may imply that the neurodevelopmental trajectories leading to brain anomalies in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are distinct.
Open Access
Low carbon development pathways and priorities for Turkey
(Sabancı University İstanbul Policy Center, 2015) Voyvoda, E.; Yeldan, Alp Erinç
Scientists and decision makers agree that climate change is the biggest problem ever faced by humankind. Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including 195 contracting states and the European Union, will meet in Paris in December 2015 and negotiate the new climate agreement that is expected to replace the Kyoto Protocol after 2020. Prior to the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP21) in Paris, the United Nations called on each state to specify its future contributions to the efforts to keep the global average temperature rise below 2°C and to safeguard ecosystems and communities from the devastating impacts of climate change. Countries are expected to determine their contributions on the basis of their historical responsibilities in the GHG emissions growth and their current capacities. This analysis brings up three critical questions that Turkey should seek answers to, as it attempts to determine its national contribution to climate change mitigation: -What could Turkey’s responsibility and its emission reduction target be within the scope of the 2°C target? -What kind of a policy package could be implemented in order to achieve the required emission reduction? - What could be the impact of these policies on macroeconomic indicators? What are the costs of implementing and not implementing these policies? In order to avoid the devastating impacts of climate change, global carbon emissions should not exceed 2,900 GtCO2. This is referred to as the carbon budget. 65% of this budget (that is, 1,900 GtCO2) had been used up as of 2011. Should the current upward trend in emissions continue, the remaining 1,000 GtCO2 will have been emitted before 2050. To stay within the 2°C target, global carbon neutrality will need to be achieved sometime between 2055 and 2070, and total global greenhouse gas emissions need to shrink to net zero some time between 2080 and 2100. This study identified Turkey’s share in the remaining carbon budget based on “minimum historical responsibility” and “maximum development needs”. In this respect, in order to fulfil its responsibility within the scope of the 2°C target, Turkey should reduce its cumulative carbon emissions by 2,980 MtCO2 until 2030 relative to the reference scenario.
Open Access
Pathway activity inference using microarray data
(Bilkent Center for Bioinformatics (BCBI), 2004) Babur, Özgün; Demir, Emek; Ayaz, Aslı; Doğrusöz, Uğur; Sakarya, Onur
Motivation: Microarray technology provides cell-scale expression data; however, analyzing this data is notoriously difficult. It is becoming clear that system-oriented methods are needed in order to best interpret this data. Combining microarray expression data with previously built pathway models may provide useful insight about the cellular machinery and reveal mechanisms that govern diseases. Given a qualitative state - transition model of the cellular network and an expression profile of RNA molecules, we would like to infer possible differential activity of the other molecules such as proteins on this network. Results: In this paper an efficient algorithm using a new approach is proposed to attack this problem. Using the regulation relations on the network, we determine possible scenarios that might lead to the expression profile, and qualitatively infer the activity differences of the molecules between test and control samples. Availability: This new analysis method has been implemented as part of a microarray data analysis component within PATIKA (Pathway Analysis Tool for Integration and Knowledge Acquisition), which is a software environment for pathway storage, integration and analysis. Facilities for easy analysis and visualization of the results is also provided. Contact: http://www.patika.org.
Open Access
Personality and culture and Rockefeller philanthropy
(Rockefeller University * Rockefeller Archive Center, 2005) Bryson, D.