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Item Open Access AB- Türkiye ilişkileri sürecinde Türk şeker sektörü simülasyon sonuçları(Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Sanayi ve Verimlilik Genel Müdürlüğü, 2008) Aytüre, S.; Demir, NazmiBu araştırmada, dokuz bağıntılı bir ekonometrik model yardımı ile alternatif senaryolar altında, Türkiye'nin şeker arz-talep dengeleri simüle edilmektedir. Araştırmanın ortaya çıkardığı en önemli bulgu Türkiye'nin AB'ye 2014' de üye olması halinde önemli bir şeker ithalatçısı konumuna gireceğidir. Şeker sektörü giderek göreceli biçimde küçülecek ve 1.5 milyon ton civarındaki bir üretim eşiğinde dengelenecektir. Fabrikalarının üçte birinin rekabet edemeyerek kapanacağı, pancar ekim alanları ve pancar üretici sayılarının %35'den fazla azalacağı beklenen şeker sektöründe ortaya çıkacak işsizlik, gelir kayıpları, sosyal ve çevresel olumsuzluklara şimdiden çare aranması gerekmektedir. Çoğu sulanmakta olan ve terkedilmesi beklenen pancar ekim alanlarına ekilebilecek alternatif ürünlerin ve/veya tarım dışı gelir kaynaklarının saptanması için çalışmalara başlanması kaçınılmazdır. Şekerpancarı üreticilerinden ve şeker fabrikalarından ayakta kalabilecek olanların AB nin kendi içinde ayakta kalabileceklerle rekabet edebilmeleri için en emin yol tarladan nihai tüketiciye kadar şeker sektörünün tüm üretim aşamalarında verimliliği arttıracak adımları atmaktır. Pancarda polar şeker oranını ve verim düzeyini arttıracak pancar tohumlukları ve bunlara uygun agronomik koşulların sağlanması, ölçeğe getiri için fabrikaların birleşmeleri, kapasitelerini arttırmaları, yabancı sermaye ile teknolojilerini yenilemeleri birçok alternatif arasında sadece birkaç çıkış yolu olarak görülmelidir.Item Open Access Agro-climatic conditions and regional technical inefficiencies in agriculture(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2002) Demir, N.; Mahmud, S. F.A survey of applications of the Technical Inefficiency Effects (TIE) model suggests that agro-climatic and other environment variables are customarily omitted in the model specifications. The justification for such an omission is the assumption that these variables are beyond the control of the farmers and therefore should be treated as random variables. In this paper, we argue that in applications dealing with regional agricultural data, agro-climatic variables should not be treated as pure random terms. Historical differences in agro-climatic conditions are known with a reasonable degree of certainty across a larger region. Therefore, omission of such variables from the analysis may lead to inaccurate interregional technical inefficiency comparisons. In order to demonstrate the importance of agro-climatic variables in such analyses, we estimate the TIE model for Turkey. A translog stochastic frontier production function with agro-climatic variables such as rainfall and land quality is estimated, and it is shown not only that the agro-climatic variables are statistically significant but also that their omission substantially affects mean output elasticities and relative technical efficiencies.Item Open Access Does exchange rate volatility matter for international sales? Evidence from US firm level data(Elsevier B.V., 2016) Tunç, C.; Solakoglu, M. N.We explore the effect of exchange rate volatility on firms’ foreign sales using destination-specific US firm-level data at different quantiles of the conditional distribution. Results show that the sign and significance of the effect depend on the economic conditions, firm characteristics, the sector that the firms operate and the quantile of the conditional distribution. Hence, using aggregated data, utilizing mean-regression methods and ignoring firm-specific factors can explain the mixed results provided by the existing literature.Item Open Access Does morbidity matter? Perceived health status in explaining the share of healthcare expenditures(Routledge, 2012) Solakoğlu, E. G.; Civan, A.We argue that the demand for healthcare services can be better explained by individual need based variables rather than by macro variables such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the share of public healthcare expenditures. This study introduces a self-rated health variable called morbidity that describes individual needs for health care – healthy individuals need less health care than sick ones – and that is measured through personal interviews conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In addition, stationary properties of the series are considered in order to understand the effect of shocks to expenditure behaviour on health care. Stationary test results show that we should not only use differenced values for the model variables but also incorporate time-specific effects into the model. Using the appropriate specification and accounting for the time effect, we find evidence supporting the hypothesis that the share of healthcare expenditure in GDP rises with the increased need for health care. The need for health care is also found to be more important than per capita GDP when explaining the change in the share of healthcare expenditures for the examined countries.Item Open Access The effect of news on return volatility and volatility persistence: The Turkish economy during crisis(Taylor & Francis Group, 2014) Solakoğlu, M. N.; Demir, N.In this study, we investigate the effect of public information arrival on return volatility for Borsa Istanbul. New information arrival is measured by the number of daily news headlines for Turkey, the United States, and a sample of European countries with close trading ties with Turkey. We classify news headlines by country and type of news. Our findings indicate that, during a recessionary period, new information arrival causes return volatility mostly to decline. Moreover, both economic news and European news cause a significant decline in volatility persistence. However, when news is classified based on origin and type, a larger decline in persistence is observed.Item Open Access The effect of property rights on the relationship between economic growth and pollution for transition economies(2007) Solakoglu, E.G.The paper measures changes in environmental quality in transition countries from 1987 to 2000 because of economic growth and environmental reforms. Indication of property rights may accelerate the growth process, as well as the composition effect on the environment. Thus, we compare transition countries that are not yet members of the European Union offering poorly defined property rights with EU-member transition countries offering better-defined property rights. We find that although EU-member transition countries exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship between pollution intensity and economic growth, with a turning point at $5,710, non EU-member transition countries do not support such a relation. © 2007 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Open Access The effect of railroads and price responsiveness on acreage decisions in the post-Bellum period(Routledge, 2008) Solakoglu, E. G.This study analyses the effect of farmers' price responsiveness and railroad development on acreage decisions in the late 19th century. A potential simultaneity between these determinants was mentioned in some earlier studies, but never examined. This study sheds some light on these relationships by employing a simultaneous equations model. The results show that acreage, prices and railroad mileage were jointly determined in the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, farmers were very responsive to wheat prices in their wheat acreage decisions in the eastern and northeastern regions when endogeneity effect is considered. In the western and southern regions, however, farmers were not responsive to wheat prices in their wheat acreage decisions. On the other hand, they were very responsive to corn and animal prices in their corn acreage decisions. Railroads were one important determinant that affected farmers' acreage decisions positively in every region.Item Open Access Exchange rate exposure and real exports(Routledge, 2010) Solakoglu, M. N.This study investigates the relationship between real exports and exchange rate risk for Turkish firms between 2001 and 2003. Different from earlier studies, the analysis is conducted at the firm level with an exchange rate risk specific to the individual firm. Results show that real exports are negatively impacted by an increase in exchange rate risk. In addition, size of the trade volume and the dependence on domestic market for revenue generation are found to be important for the aforementioned relationship.Item Open Access Exchange rate volatility and exports: a firm-level analysis(Routledge, 2008) Solakoglu, M. N.; Solakoglu, E. G.; Demirag, T.The relationship between real exports and exchange rate volatility is investigated using panel data analysis at the firm level. Results indicate that there is no negative or positive relationship between volatility and real exports. In addition, firm size and level of international activity do not influence the size and significance of the volatility effect on exports. However, there is some evidence that firms use import revenue to lower their exchange rate exposure.Item Open Access Foreign banks: executive jobs for Turkish women?(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2007) Culpan, O.; Marzotto, T.; Demir, N.Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the employment policies and practices of Turkish banks and how these practices affect the hiring and promotion of women. Turkey's banking sector consists of state-owned, private, and foreign banks. The overall restructuring of this sector along with the increase of foreign banks is an opportunity to enquire whether human resource (HR) policies of foreign banks have a differential effect on women's employment. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected in three phases. Phase 1: employment data for all three bank types were analyzed with particular reference to women's employment. About 12 of the largest banks were selected for in-depth study representing each of the three bank categories. Phase 2: bank-specific data were collected from the HR directors including: bank structure, personnel and recruitment policies, management levels, women in each level and professional employment application. Phase 3: structured personal interviews were conducted with the HR directors in the 12 selected banks. Findings - The HR departments of foreign banks use different assessment and selection criteria compared with Turkish private and state-owned banks. These criteria emphasize rank-in-person, which enhances the upward mobility of employees. Because of their flexibility, they may advantage female employment. Research limitations/implications - Survey data from female employees by type of bank would demonstrate a close relationship between organizational structure and women's career advancement. However, this study only interviewed HR managers. The methodology does not indicate whether and to what extent women in three banking types perceive the effect of structure on their career advancement. Practical implications - HR practices of the three categories evidences that foreign banks in Turkey add a variety of competencies of their prospective employees in their application forms. These additional dimensions may improve the recruitment and promotion of women into management positions. It is argued that employment applications that include individual or rank-in-person characteristics rather than job-based criteria advantage women. Originality/value - This is the only study that examines women's employment stratified by Turkey's three banking categories. The effect of culture and structure on employment practices and how this influences the mobility of women are explored.Item Open Access In the presence of climate change, the use of fertilizers and the effect of income on agricultural emissions(M D P I AG, 2017) Erbas, B. C.; Solakoglu, E. G.This study looks into the factual link between nitrogen fertilizer use and the land annual mean temperature anomalies arising from climate change, incorporating the effect of income and agriculture share to understand better their impact on emissions from agricultural activities along climate indicators. The study unearths causalities associated with this link by employing the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with back-dated actual panel data specifically constructed for this study by combining four datasets from 2002 to 2010. In the long-run, the causality is significant and unidirectional, indicating that income, agriculture share, and land temperature anomalies cause agricultural emissions, and that disequilibrium from such emissions is not eliminated within a year. In the short-run, the effective use of nitrogen fertilizers and other associated agricultural practices can be achieved as countries approach per capita income of 7000 USD. Changes in the structure of economies have an expected effect on agricultural emissions. Temperature anomalies increase agricultural emissions from nitrogen fertilizers, possibly due to the fact that the potential negative impacts of these anomalies are mitigated by farmers through changes in crop production inputs. Therefore, as part of adoption strategies, to avoid the excessive and inefficient use of nitrogen fertilizers by farmers, economic incentives should be aligned with the national and global incentives of sustainability. © 2017 by the authors.Item Open Access Integrating financial analysis into presentations(Sage Publications, Inc., 2004-09) Saatci, E.Item Open Access Measuring and evaluating efficiency of hospitals through total quality management: a multi-criteria data envelopment analysis model(Routledge, 2007) Zaim, S.; Bayyurt, N.; Turkyilmaz, A.; Solakoglu, N.; Zaim, H.The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the efficiency of 12 hospitals in Turkey using a multi-criteria Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. Number of beds, number of physicians and the critical factors of total quality management in the health care sector were used as inputs of the model. The outputs used in this analysis incorporated financial and non-financial performance of hospitals, number of outpatients and number of patient days. Performance of the hospitals was measured using subjective measures based on executive's perception of how their organization performed relative to the competition. Results provide management with information regarding the relatively best practice hospitals in the observation sets and locate the relatively inefficient hospitals by comparison with the best practice ones. At last some suggestions are made for the least efficient hospital.Item Open Access Not all firms react the same to exchange rate volatility? A firm level study(Elsevier Inc., 2017) Tunc C.; Solakoglu, M. N.This article investigates the effect of exchange rate volatility on the exporting behavior of firms using a very rich Turkish firm-level data for the period of 1989–2013. The estimation results show that although exchange rate volatility has depressing impact on foreign sale share of firms, the magnitude and the sign of the effect differ substantially across firm classifications. More specifically, medium-sized firms, firms not listed in the stock market, and less foreign market dependent firms observe significant depressing impact of exchange rate volatility while the other firms are, by and large, immune to negative effect of exchange rate volatility. Furthermore sectors and firm age have important role on the differential impact of exchange rate volatility on foreign sales activity of firms.Item Open Access Problem-based learning in an intercultural business communication course: communication challenges in intercultural relationships in internationalizing small-or medium-sized enterprises(Sage Publications, Inc., 2008) Saatci, E.Teachers of intercultural business communication may want to consider using problem-based learning (PBL), an instructional approach that places learners in problem-solving situations, that is, students are presented with messy and complex real-life problems that provide a context for learning concepts and developing skills. This article describes how ill-structured communication problems that emerge in intercultural business relationships in internationalizing small- or medium-sized enterprises are used to provide a context for learning. It explains how these problems are tackled by learners through the implementation of PBL in four stages: problem identification, information acquisition, information analysis, and problem resolution. Finally, it discusses the reactions of the students, external participants, and instructors to the PBL approach.Item Open Access Regional technical efficiency in the Turkish agriculture: a note(University of Delhi * Delhi School of Economics, 1998) Demir, N.; Mahmud, S.A panel data, (67 provinces and the years 1993-1995) of the Turkish agriculture, was employed to estimate technical efficiencies for six agricultural regions and 67 provinces using maximum likelihood techniques (ML). Stochastic frontier based on Cobb-Douglas production function with agricultural value added as the endogenous variable and land, labour and capital as the exogenous variables was estimated. Index of capital stocks was obtained by principal component technique. The results show that differences in technical efficiencies by regions and provinces are significant. Furthermore, it has been shown that some of these differences can be explained by location specific factors such as amount of precipitation, market accessibility and population density.Item Open Access The role of firm characteristics on the relationship between gender diversity and firm performance(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2016) Solakoglu, M. N.; Demir, N.Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of gender diversity on firm performance and evaluate how that relationship is influenced by some firm-specific factors for firms in an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach – The authors collected firm level financial data and firm level characteristics for the firms listed in BIST100 index of Borsa Istanbul for the period between 2002 and 2006. Due to endogeneity of gender diversity and firm performance, the authors utilize unbalanced panel data with 2SLS specification. To observe the sensitivity of results across measures of performance, three measures of performance, two accounting-based and one market-based, are utilized. Findings – Overall, the authors find some weak evidence that gender diversity impacts firm performance. In particular, the findings imply significant association between gender diversity and firm performance for firms that are targeting local markets, for firms in the financial sector and for firms that are family or block-owned. Moreover, findings are fragile with respect to the measures of diversity and performance selected. Originality/value – Although the relationship between gender diversity and firm performance are investigated several times in the past, there are not many studies that examines the role of firm-specific factors on that relationship. By revealing the factors that are important, this study provides an explanation why the existing literature leads to mixed results.Item Open Access The role of gender diversity on firm performance: a regression quantile approach(Routledge, 2013) Solakoglu, M. N.The relationship between gender diversity and firm performance has been investigated using a regression quantile approach for the largest Turkish firms. Overall, results show that gender diversity has a different effect on firm performance over the different points of the conditional distribution. Moreover, the type of industry seems to be important for the sign and significance of the impact of gender diversity on performance.Item Open Access The role of progress factors explaining inefficiencies in Transition countries(Springer-Verlag, 2013) Solakoglu, E. G.; Solakoglu, M. N.; Demir, N.This paper examines whether progress in transition has a significant effect on the economic efficiency for 24 transition countries from 1990 to 2006. It uses nine progress factors to analyze the role of the progress factors to explain inefficiencies. It also questions the effect of the transition countries that recently joined the European Union on efficiency. The results suggest that the average efficiency scores for EU-N10 are much higher than the average efficiency scores for SEE/CIS. The scores increase over time for both groups of transition countries. Reforms also contribute to efficiency in general.Item Open Access Sentimental herding in Borsa Istanbul: informed versus uninformed(Routledge, 2014) Solakoglu, M. N.; Demir, N.This study searches for sentimental herding in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) using a state-space model for two distinct groups of investors/traders. We expect to find no sentimental herding in BIST30 as the investors are closely following the market, given their access to maximum amount of information and high quality of guidance from the world-known intermediaries that reduce information asymmetries. However, as the SNM investors are mostly local investors with smaller assets and with higher level of information asymmetry, we expect to find evidence of sentimental herding. As expected, we find no evidence of herding by the BIST30 investors from 2000 to 2013. In contrast, our findings provide evidence that the SNM investors demonstrate sentimental herding persistently and independently from market fundamentals in three stages: evidence of herding in the first stage (2000-2004), a 4-year (2005-2008) no-herding calm period and finally a volatile adverse herding pattern (2009-2013) where fundamentals about the firm values became more important.