Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design

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Open Access
The 16 cubes game for children who are visually impaired
(Sage Publications, Inc., 2000) Evyapan, N. A. G. Z.; Demirkan, H.
Embargo
A comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on the recent modified and hybrid analytic hierarchy process approaches
(Elsevier, 2023-11-16) Ashour, Mojtaba; Mahdiyar, A.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a widely applied technique in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Over time, numerous hybridizations, improvements, and modifications have been proposed to address the shortcomings of traditional AHP. Considering the sheer number of the AHP-based methods, scholars/practitioners are faced with certain challenges when selecting a suitable method due to: (i) lack of adequate knowledge on pros and cons of different AHP approaches, (ii) difficulties and limitations in the application and analysis, and (iii) uncertainties about the suitability of the method. As a result, there is a need for a comprehensive review functioning as a guidance when choosing the best-suited approach considering the specific features of the problem at hand. This paper, therefore, reviews articles published between 2010 and 2023 that have proposed a hybrid, improved, or modified AHP and classifies them based on three main categories of contributions: (A) consistency improvements, (B) reducing the difficulties or limitations, and (C) increasing the accuracy of the results. These categories are further discussed based on the nature of variation (hybridizing with fuzzy sets, metaheuristic algorithms, modification of AHP structure, and hybridization with other approaches). A comprehensive summary table is provided to showcase the strengths and weaknesses of each method, and a roadmap is put forward for scholars and industry experts assisting them in the selection of the appropriate method considering various aspects of problems. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.
Open Access
A corpus-based approach to define Turkish soundscapes attributes
(Acoustical Soc Amer Amer Inst Physics, 2023-03) Yılmazer, Semiha; Dalirnaghadeh, Donya; Fasllija, Ela; Alimadhi, Enkela; Şahin, Zekiye; Mercan, Elif
Open Access
A preliminary field experiment to predict soundscape perception based on the biophilia hypothesis paradigm
(Acoustical Soc Amer Amer Inst Physics, 2023-03) Yılmazer, Semiha; Alimadhi, Enkela
Embargo
A principal component model to identify Turkish soundscapes’ affective attributes based on a corpus-driven approach
(Elsevier, 2023-06-30) Yılmazer, Semiha; Fasllija, Ela; Alimadhi, Enkela; Şahin, Zekiye; Mercan, Elif; Dalirnaghadeh, Donya
This study focused on achieving linguistic and culturally appropriate equivalents of Turkish soundscape attributes present in ISO 12913–3 by incorporating a Corpus-Driven Approach (CDA). A two-phase experiment was set up to find Turkish equivalents of affective quality attributes. The first phase consisted of the formation of a Corpus. An online questionnaire was prepared and sent to 196 native Turkish speakers from all around Türkiye to define adjectives. The second phase of the experiment was performed in a listening room. For this purpose, twenty-four binaural sound recordings were collected from seven public spaces. Afterward, forty individuals evaluated the recordings by using the attributes from Phase 1. The perceptual dimensions were obtained from the generated corpus in Turkish based on a rating scale by applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results indicated a two-dimensional model with two main components, Pleasantness and Eventfulness. Each component is associated with a main orthogonal axis denoted by ‘annoying-comfortable’ and ‘dynamic-uneventful,’ respectively. This circular organization of soundscape attributes is supported by two derived axes, namely ‘chaotic-calm’ and ‘monotonous-enjoyable’, rotated 45°on the same plane. Additionally, by using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, sixty-four different bipolar adjective pairs were found. The adjective pairs showed that the highest correlations are mainly on the pleasant-unpleasant continuum, namely Component 1 of PCA. The collected data were also analyzed using Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster analysis with the Ward method in R programming language to cluster the adjectives. The results inferred that there are four top-level categories. From the first to the fourth level, categories consisted of pleasant, uneventful, eventful, and annoying adjectives, respectively. Moreover, the terms grouped on the first cluster found their dichotomous on the fourth cluster, while maintaining the same relationship in the pleasant-unpleasant continuum.
Open Access
A vector classifier for sound similarity classification based on audio features
(Acoustical Soc Amer Amer Inst Physics, 2023-03) Yılmazer, Cengiz; Yılmazer, Semiha
Open Access
Achieving inclusion in public spaces: A shopping mall case study
(Springer, London, 2012) Afacan, Yasemin
Open Access
The acoustical characteristics of the Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara, Turkey
(Taylor & Francis, 2008) Sü, Z.; Yilmazer, S.
This research investigates the acoustical characteristics of mosques of the classical Ottoman period and the contemporary period. Kocatepe Mosque, the major mosque in Ankara, Turkey, as a case from the contemporary era is a unique combination of 16th century Ottoman aesthetics and 20th century technology. Although previous and recent mosques have been inspired by this combination, the use of a reinforced concrete dome without cavity resonators could cause long reverberation times especially in low frequencies. The purpose of this study was to investigate this condition by studying Kocatepe Mosque. The acoustical characteristics of the mosque were analyzed by computer simulation. Objective room-acoustic indicators including reverberation time (RT), early decay time (EDT), clarity (C80), definition (D50), lateral fraction (LF), speech transmission index (STI) and strength (G) are presented. The results show that the acoustical quality of Kocatepe Mosque is not optimal when it is empty, and closest to optimal conditions when fully occupied. The new techniques to overcome excessive low frequency attenuation caused by huge concrete shells of today's mosques are discussed in conclusion.
Open Access
Acoustical design and noise control in metro stations: Case studies of the Ankara metro system
(2007) Sü, Z.; Çalíşkan, M.
The aim of this research is to demonstrate the importance of initial strategies in acoustical design of underground metro stations. The paper searches for practical design solutions by evaluating different materials for providing optimum acoustical conditions in such spaces. Acoustical designs of three metro stations on a new expansion line in Ankara including Sogutozu, Bilkent and ODTU metro stations are presented through computer simulation. Predictions of room acoustical parameters are presented for both platform and ticket office floors in terms of parameters like reverberation time (RT), speech transmission index (STI) and A-weighted sound level (SPL) distribution within spaces. Simulated reverberation times are evaluated in view of legislative requirements. The study confirms the importance of using sound absorbing materials on the ceiling and sidewalls together. The nonwoven material, used behind perforated metal suspended ceilings, has proved effective in reverberation control.
Open Access
The acoustical performance analysis of Bilkent amphitheater: proposal for acoustical renovation
(Taylor & Francis, 2006-06) Sü, Z.; Yilmazer, S.
The 4000 seat multi-purpose Bilkent Amphitheater is a semi-dosed amphitheater with a volume of 90,000 m3, designed to serve the University's and the city's educational and artistic activities. At the beginning, the amphitheater was designed only for open-air performances. Afterwards it was decided it would be roofed with a tensile membrane in order to protect the spectators from atmospheric effects. However, the covered amphitheater was turned into a resounding and a problematic place widi a reverberation time of more than 6 s. when the hall is unoccupied. Acoustical interventions were implemented, but these have not been sufficient in decreasing the number of problematic echoes and dead spots. This paper analyzes the hall by means of assessing the fundamental acoustical parameters for both speech and music. Parameters such as reverberation time, early decay time, clarify, definition, lateral fraction, strength and speech transmission index were calculated by the aid of ODEON Room Acoustics Program simulation software Version 6.01. It was observed that most of the parameters are out of the optimum range, and that the sound focused strongly in some locations. After further acoustical renovation of the hall, the distribution of sound became more homogenous as measures of most of the parameters fell into reasonable ranges.
Open Access
The aid of colour on spatial navigation: A study in a virtual hospital environment
(ACM, 2016) Kumaoğlu, Özge; Olguntürk, Nilgün
The aim of this study is to explore the effects of colour as visuo-spatial cue on spatial navigation and developing a cognitive map in elderly in a simulated virtual hospital environment. The study further purports to explore whether it is possible to improve elders' spatial navigation and cognitive mapping performances as well as younger-aged group, by the aid of coloured visuo-spatial cues. © 2016 ACM.
Open Access
The aid of colour on visuospatial navigation of elderly people in a virtual polyclinic environment
(John Wiley and Sons, 2018) Kumoğlu-Süzer, Özge; Olguntürk, Nilgün
It is well documented that elderly people often have difficulties in finding their way in unfamiliar environments. In this study, we aimed to explore the usage of colour as visuospatial navigation tool for elderly people by testing in a virtually simulated polyclinic environment. We compared neutral, warm and cool coloured experiment settings to find out the effect of different colours on elderly people's visuospatial navigation performances. We conducted our experiment with 90 participants in two phases, each with a specific task (Route Replication and Picture Classification). The findings showed that neutral coloured setting affected participants' visuospatial navigation performances negatively compared to warm and cool coloured settings. However, there was no significant performance difference between warm and cool coloured environments. In addition to that, when they were asked to reach to the destination point, male participants spent shorter time, did fewer wrong turns, experienced fewer hesitations and traveled shorter distances compared to female participants. Currently, due to the increase in the elderly population, designing well-functioning interior spaces for the elderly has become a more pressing matter. We believe that the findings of this study will provide important clues for both interior designers and environmental psychologists.
Open Access
An international survey on residential lighting: Analysis of summer-term results
(Elsevier, 2023-01-09) Aslanoğlu, Rengin ; Kazak, J. K.; Yekanialibeiglou, Sepideh; Pracki, P.; Ulusoy, Begüm
Obtaining visual comfort, satisfaction and well-being in residential interiors are now becoming more important, especially in times of extreme events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It also became important to collect users' evaluations and their own solutions for residential lighting in order to improve the current lighting conditions. For this aim, with a group of international and inter-disciplinary researchers, a comprehensive study was conducted. This study is the last part of a three-stage investigation aimed at increasing our knowledge of the current lighting conditions in residential areas during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. For the current study, an online survey and in-depth interviews were conducted between June and August 2022 in Poland, Turkey, Sweden, and the U.K., with 520 participants. As results of this study show, a correlation was found between daylight satisfaction and its sufficiency. Similar correlations were found between artificial lighting satisfaction, its sufficiency, and its uniformity. The differences between seasons were detected for being very satisfied with daylight quality. Also, the correlation between satisfaction with daylighting and the ratio of windows showed difference among seasons. Stronger correlations between satisfaction with artificial lighting, its sufficiency and uniformity were found in summerterm according to winter-term results. Correlations between artificial lighting brightness – CRI and uniformity weakened in summer-term. Results from open-ended questions and in-depth interviews showed, removing the shading device and augmenting the characteristics of artificial lighting were the mostly done adjustments during the COVID- 19 pandemic. The most prominent theme is visual comfort according to the in-depth interview responses.'
Open Access
Analysing the effects of critique techniques on the success of Interior Architecture Students
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2018) Günday-Gül, Ç. G.; Afacan, Yasemin
In architectural design education, the most significant part in the curriculum is the design studio, where students learn how to design. Critique has a crucial role in the design studio, and in determining the best and most beneficial critique type for the architectural design education process. Student attitudes toward critiques and student satisfaction level with each critique technique are also significant. To that end, this article explores design studio learning by reviewing the design learning process and types of design critiques. Focusing on three critique techniques used in design education (desk critiques, pin-up critiques and group critiques), the article analyses correlations between student attitudes toward each technique and its contribution to the design process. Research was conducted with 84 third-year interior architecture students from the 2014-15 Fall semester at a university. No statistically significant differences were found between group and pin-up critiques in terms of students’ preferences and their final performance scores; however, there was a statistically significant relationship between student preferences toward desk critiques and student success. Furthermore, the contribution of a critique technique to the design process was found to be highly correlated with student preference for this technique.
Open Access
Analysing the effects of thermal comfort and indoor air quality in design studios and classrooms on student performance
(IOP, 2019) Ranjbar, Ali
This study aimed to explore the various effects of different ventilation modes on the thermal comfort and indoor air quality in design education environment. It also investigated the relationship between the ventilation mode and student performance. Thus, an experimental study was conducted in both studio and classroom environments, in Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. CO2 concentration values, indoor air temperature and humidity values as the main parameters of thermal comfort and indoor air quality was measured in both winter and summer seasons under the three modes of ventilation: 1) without opening door and windows mode setting; (2) natural ventilation mode and (3) the HVAC ventilation mode achieved by the TROX school-air unit. Under these three different modes for both attention and concentration levels, 100 students from the winter season, 50 students from summer season for the classroom environment, and 20 students from the winter season, 16 students from summer season for the studio environment participated. Results were calculated in IBM SPSS 21 software separately for both seasons and three different ventilation modes. As a result, the experimental and performance results have shown that the HVAC unit mode achieved the most satisfactory indoor environment in both seasons and higher levels of student performance.
Open Access
Analysis of residential lighting in Poland: results from a winter term survey
(2021-09-01) Pracki, P.; Aslanoğlu, R.; Kazak, J. K.; Ulusoy, B.; Yekanialibeiglou, Sepideh
In 2020, an international project on residential lighting started and was implemented in four countries (Poland, Sweden, UK and Turkey). This article presents the results of a survey carried out in Poland, in the winter term between November 2020 and January 2021. A total of 125 Polish residents (59 women, 65 men, one person did not wish to specify gender) participated in the survey. A variety of data was collected on the respondents and their assessments as well as on their satisfaction with day- and artificial lighting in residential living spaces. The results from questionnaires were analyzed with STATISTICA 13.3. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank order correlations were adopted to identify the light-related aspects, lighting patterns, and respondents’ perception of day- and artificial lighting conditions in living areas. The results revealed that satisfaction with daylighting in the living area, both in summer and winter, was significantly correlated with daylighting level, daylighting uniformity, sunlight exposure and view-out. The results also revealed that satisfaction with artificial lighting was significantly correlated with artificial lighting level, artificial lighting uniformity and color rendering. The results provide valuable information on lighting and factors that influence the luminous environment in residential living spaces.
Open Access
Analyzing occupants' control over lighting systems in office settings using immersive virtual environments
(Elsevier BV, 2021-06) Mahmoudzadeh, Parisa; Afacan, Yasemin; Adi, Muhamad Nadim
Research has identified occupant behavior as one of the key contributors to building energy performance gap. Thus, this study systematically analyzed the impact of having personal control over lighting system on occupants' lighting choices, lighting satisfaction, and task performance in a virtual office setting. For this purpose, 30 participants took part in a 3-phased experiment with immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Each phase of the experiment offered a different degree of control over the lighting. Personality traits were also studied in relation to lighting choices. Finally, a technology acceptance model (TAM) was employed to further investigate the participants’ attitude towards the virtual reality (VR) technology. The findings of this study showed that using an interactive lighting system, which was as satisfactory compared to a conventional lighting system, encouraged the participants to use more natural light. The interactive lighting system imposed the same amount of cognitive load on the participants for performing a reading task as a conventional lighting system, which was significantly lower than their cognitive load scores for performing the task with automated lighting system. Personality analyses demonstrated that the participants with a high score on openness had a wide range of lighting choices either with conventional or with interactive lighting. This study's results differed from the previous studies by highlighting that the participants considered VR as a better fit to an enjoyable experience rather than a useful tool for performing serious tasks.
Open Access
The application of the physiologically equivalent temperature to determine impacts of locally defined extreme heat events within vulnerable dwellings during the 2020 summer in Ankara
(Elsevier, 2022-03-09) Santos Nouri, A.; Charalampopoulos, I.; Matzarakis, A.
This study addresses the limited work related to Heat Stress (HS) vulnerability within indoor/outdoor contexts and its relationship with local Extreme Heat Events (EHEs). Centred upon Ankara, the study focuses on building upon its weaker approach to human thermophysiological vulnerabilities in an era of climate change, and unregulated urban densification. Through newly defined local EHEs, the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) (and its cumulative derivatives), were utilised to develop the limited approaches that utilise Energy Based Models in the scope of EHE risk management. The study was undertaken by processing hourly data from 2008 to 2020 from Ankara's Meteorological Station, and Esenboga Meteorological Station. At a finer 10 min resolution, an interior Kestrel Heat-stress Station was used to assess summer thermal conditions in 2020 within a thermally vulnerable, yet still very frequent, residential Turkish construction typology. Among other outcomes, the results indicated the permanency of indoor PET that remained above 27 °C during non EHE periods. In the case of a Very Hot Day (VHD33), PET remained between 29 and 32.9 °C for almost 24 h. The thermal index also indicated how forced convective cooling led to indoor reductions of PET by 3–4 K, and in duration of such HS levels to less than 2 h. © 2022
Open Access
Approaching environmental human thermophysiological thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey
(Springer, 2020-10-27) Santos Nouri, Andre; Afacan, Yasemin; Çalışkan, O.; Tzu-Ping, L.; Matzarakis, A.
The disclosed study undertook a ‘human centred-approach’ that ascertained and categorised environmental human thermophysiological risk factors by relating them to the human biometeorological system through the use of three widely utilised energy balance model (EBM) indices, the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), the modified PET, and the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). The disclosed assessment was carried out over the past decade (i.e., 2010–2019) with a 3-h temporal resolution for the case of Ankara through two WMO meteorological stations to compare both local urban and peri-urban environmental conditions. The study recognised extreme annual variability of human physiological stress (PS) during the different seasons as a result of the biometeorological processing of the singular variables, which in the case of average PET for both stations, varied by up to 75 °C between the winter and summer for the same annual dataset (2012). In addition, all EBMs indicated higher heat stress within the city centre that were conducive of both urban extreme heatwaves and very hot days during the summer months, with extreme heat stress levels lasting for longer than a week with PET values reaching a maximum of 48 °C. Similar cold extremes were found for the winter months, with PET values reaching − 30 °C, and average PS levels varying lower in the case of the peri-urban station.
Open Access
Architects and the architectural profession in the Turkish context
(Taylor & Francis Inc., 2004) Erman, Tahire; Altay, Burçak; Altay, Can
This article explores the social construction of the architectural profession in the Turkish context from a historical perspective. It investigates architects' views regarding their roles in society and their positions vis-à-vis their clients and users. The data from in-depth interviews conducted with twentyfour practicing architects demonstrate that both traces of elitism and the tendency to define their professional roles to affect people's lives through their designs have prevailed in architects' beliefs and actions to varying degrees.