Browsing by Subject "Retaliation"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Adolescents’ expectations for types of victim retaliation following direct bullying
(Springer, 2022-11-23) Marlow, C.; Gönültaş, Seçil; Mulvey, K. L.
Little is known about adolescents’ expectations around how victims of bullying might retaliate following victimization. These expectations are important as they may inform adolescent’s own behaviors, particularly intervention behaviors, in regard to bullying and potential retaliation. This study investigated adolescents’ retaliation expectations and expected bystander reactions to retaliation following physical and social bullying. Participants included 6th grade (N = 450, Mage = 11.73 years, SD = 0.84) and 9th grade (N = 446, Mage = 14.82 years) adolescents (50.2% female, 63.3% European American, 22.9% African American, 3.9% Latino/a, 7% Multiracial, 2.9% Other) from middle-to-low-income U.S. public schools. Participants responded to open-ended prompts about victim responses to bullying, rating retaliation acceptability, and likelihood of engaging in bystander behaviors. ANOVAs were conducted to examine differences in retaliation expectation by type of aggression. Further, linear regressions were used to explore what factors were related to participants’ expectations regarding bystander intervention. Participants expected victims to retaliate by causing harm and expected the type of retaliation to match the type of bullying. Younger participants were more specific and males were more likely to expect physical harm than females. Finally, acceptability of retaliation predicted bystander interventions. Adolescents expect aggressive retaliation suggesting that intervention might focus on teaching them ways to respond when they are bullied or observe bullying.
Open Access
A Comparative Analysis of the United States’ Trade Frictions with China, Japan and South Korea, 1985-2016
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 2017) Bayar, Tuğba; Bayar, M.
This article investigates the interplay between interstate economic and security relations by conducting a comparative analysis of United States’ (U.S.) trade frictions with China, Japan and South Korea. The data demonstrate that the U.S. responded to its East Asian allies during the Cold War with retaliatory measures when they started to make trade surpluses against the U.S. Thus, it could be expected that the U.S. would respond to its mounting trade deficit against China after 2001 even more decisively, since it has had territorial disputes with this country. However, our analysis indicates that the U.S. followed a more docile approach with China until its 2008 economic crisis. This puzzle is explained by a number of economic and political factors. Our analysis concludes with insights for the coordination of trade and security policies at the governmental level and for the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement mechanism.
Open Access
Competitive rivalry without provoking retaliation: a case on Turkish medical imaging market
(1995) Kutluay, Kunter
Competition is the core concept in non-monopolistic markets for a firm’s survival. Competitive strategy is an area of primary concern to managers, depending critically on a subtle understanding of industries and competitors. Action and response characteristics of competitors have been an area of interest suggesting frameworks for further research. This study aims to implement the previous frameworks to the Turkish Medical Imaging Market, to verify the characteristics specific to this market. Basically it seeks to identify the attack behavior that elicits or averts retalitionary responses.