Browsing by Subject "Photometry"
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Item Open Access 3-D motion estimation and wireframe adaptation including photometric effects for model-based coding of facial image sequences(IEEE, 1994-06) Bozdağı, G.; Tekalp, A. M.; Onural, L.We propose a novel formulation where 3-D global and local motion estimation and the adaptation of a generic wireframe model to a particular speaker are considered simultaneously within an optical flow based framework including the photometric effects of the motion. We use a flexible wireframe model whose local structure is characterized by the normal vectors of the patches which are related to the coordinates of the nodes. Geometrical constraints that describe the propagation of the movement of the nodes are introduced, which are then efficiently utilized to reduce the number of independent structure parameters. A stochastic relaxation algorithm has been used to determine optimum global motion estimates and the parameters describing the structure of the wireframe model. Results with both simulated and real facial image sequences are provided.Item Open Access Color science and technology of novel nanophosphors for high-efficiency high-quality LEDs(Bilkent University, 2011) Erdem, TalhaToday almost one-fifth of the world‟s electrical energy is consumed for artificial lighting. To revolutionize general lighting to reduce its energy consumption, high-efficiency, high-quality light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are necessary. However, to achieve the targeted energy efficiency, present technologies have important drawbacks. For example, phosphor-based LEDs suffer from the emission tail of red phosphors towards longer wavelengths. This deep-red emission decreases substantially the luminous efficiency of optical radiation. Additionally, the emission spectrum of phosphor powders cannot be controlled properly for high-quality lighting, as this requires careful spectral tuning. At this point, new nanophosphors made of colloidal quantum dots and crosslinkable conjugated polymer nanoparticles have risen among the most promising alternative color convertors because they allow for an excellent capability of spectral tuning. In this thesis, we propose and present high-efficiency, highquality white LEDs using quantum dot nanophosphors that that exhibit luminous efficacy of optical radiation ≥380 lm/Wopt, color rendering index ≥90 and correlated color temperature ≤4000 K. We find that Stoke‟s shift causes a fundamental loss >15%, which limits the maximum feasible luminous efficiency to 326.6 lm/Welect. Considering a state-of-the-art blue LED (with 81.3% photon conversion efficiency), this corresponds to 265.5 lm/Welect. To achieve 100 and 200 lm/Welect, the layered quantum dot films are required to have respective quantum efficiencies of 39 and 79%. In addition, we report our numerical modeling and experimental demonstrations of the quantum dot integrated LEDs for the different vision regimes of human eye. Finally, we present LEDs based on the color tuning capability of conjugated polymer nanoparticles for the first time. Considering the outcomes of this thesis, we believe that our research efforts will help the development and industrialization of white light emitting diodes using nanophosphor components.Item Open Access Color science of nanocrystal quantum dots for lighting and displays(De Gruyter, 2013-02) Erdem, T.; Demir, Hilmi VolkanColloidal nanocrystals of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are gaining prominence among the optoelectronic materials in the photonics industry. Among their many applications, their use in artificial lighting and displays has attracted special attention thanks to their high efficiency and narrow emission band, enabling spectral purity and fine tunability. By employing QDs in color-conversion LEDs, it is possible to simultaneously accomplish successful color rendition of the illuminated objects together with a good spectral overlap between the emission spectrum of the device and the sensitivity of the human eye, in addition to a warm white color, in contrast to other conventional sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and phosphor-based LEDs, which cannot achieve all of these properties at the same time. In this review, we summarize the color science of QDs for lighting and displays, and present the recent developments in QD-integrated LEDs and display research. First, we start with a general introduction to color science, photometry, and radiometry. After presenting an overview of QDs, we continue with the spectral designs of QD-integrated white LEDs that have led to efficient lighting for indoor and outdoor applications. Subsequently, we discuss QD color-conversion LEDs and displays as proof-of-concept applications - a new paradigm in artificial lighting and displays. Finally, we conclude with a summary of research opportunities and challenges along with a future outlook.Item Open Access Energy-saving quality road lighting with colloidal quantum dot nanophosphors(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2014) Erdem, T.; Kelestemur, Y.; Soran-Erdem, Z.; Ji, Y.; Demir, Hilmi VolkanHere the first photometric study of road-lighting white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) integrated with semiconductor colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is reported enabling higher luminance than conventional light sources, specifically in mesopic vision regimes essential to street lighting. Investigating over 100 million designs uncovers that quality road-lighting QD-WLEDs, with a color quality scale and color rendering index ≥85, enables 13-35% higher mesopic luminance than the sources commonly used in street lighting. Furthermore, these QD-WLEDs were shown to be electrically more efficient than conventional sources with power conversion efficiencies ≥16-29%. Considering this fact, an experimental proof-of-concept QD-WLED was demonstrated, which is the first account of QD based color conversion custom designed for street lighting applications. The obtained white LED achieved the targeted mesopic luminance levels in accordance with the road lighting standards of the USA and the UK. These results indicate that road-lighting QD-WLEDs are strongly promising for energy-saving quality road lighting. © 2014 Science Wise Publishing & De Gruyter 2014.Item Open Access High-quality InP/ZnS nanocrystals with high photometric performance and their application to white quantum dot light-emitting diodes(IEEE, 2012) Yang, X.; Tan, S. T.; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Sun, X. W.Full visible range covering InP/ZnS core-shell nanocrystals with high photometric performance have been prepared. Making use of these nanocrystals, we demonstrate a white quantum dot LED with a high color rendering index of 91. © 2012 IEEE.Item Open Access Light stimulus and human eye(Springer, 2019-01) Erdem, Talha; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Erdem, Talha; Demir, Hilmi VolkanIn this Chapter, we summarize the structure of the human eye and introduce the sensitivity functions of various photoreceptors and present the visual regimes and corresponding eye sensitivity functions.Item Open Access Multi-layered CdSe/ZnS/CdSe heteronanocrystals to generate and tune white light(2008-11) Nizamoğlu, Sedat; Mutlugün, Evren; Özel, Tuncay; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Sapra, S.; Gaponik, N.; Eychmüller, A.In this study, tuneable white light generation by controlling CdSe/ZnS/CdSe core/shell/shell heteronanocrystals integrated on InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes was presented. These multilayered quantum dots, also known as onion-like heterostructures, were designed and synthesized to emit in red (around 600 nm) from the CdSe core and in green (around 550 nm) from the CdSe shell. By designing and hybridizing these red-green emitting heterostructures on blue emitting LEDs, an integrated WLEDs on a single chip was demonstrated. By controlling the number of integrated heteronanocrystals, their (x,y) tristimulus coordinates were tuned from (0.26,0.23) to (0.37,0.36), along with their corresponding correlated color temperature tuned from 27413 K to 4192 K and the luminous efficacy of their optical radiation (the ratio of the emitted luminous flux to the radiant flux) tuned from 258 lm/W to 375 lm/W. Further investigation on the change of in-film optical properties of these heteronanocrystals with respect to their in-solution emission was performed.Item Open Access A photometric investigation of ultra-efficient LEDs with high color rendering index and high luminous efficacy employing nanocrystal quantum dot luminophores(Optical Society of America, 2009-12-24) Erdem, T.; Nizamoglu, S.; Sun, X. W.; Demir, Hilmi VolkanWe report a photometric study of ultra-efficient light emitting diodes (LEDs) that exhibit superior color rendering index (CRI) and luminous efficacy of optical radiation (LER) using semiconductor quantum dot nanocrystal (NC) luminophores. Over 200 million systematically varied NC-LED designs have been simulated to understand feasible performance in terms of CRI vs. LER. We evaluated the effects of design parameters including peak emission wavelength, full-width-at-half-maximum, and relative amplitudes of each NC color component on LED performance. Warm-white LEDs with CRI >90 and LER >380 lm/W at a correlated color temperature of 3000 K are shown to be achieved using nanocrystal luminophores. (C) 2009 Optical Society of AmericaItem Open Access Power conversion and luminous efficiency performance of nanophosphor quantum dots on color-conversion LEDs for high-quality general lighting(SPIE, 2012) Erdem, Talha; Nizamoglu, Sedat; Demir, Hilmi VolkanFor high-quality general lighting, a white light source is required to exhibit good photometric and colorimetric performance along with a high level of electrical efficiency. For example, a warm white shade is desirable for indoors, corresponding to correlated color temperatures ≥4000 K, together with color rendering indices ≥90. Additionally, the luminous efficacy of optical radiation (LER) should be high, preferably ≥380 lm/W opt. Conventional white LEDs cannot currently satisfy these requirements simultaneously. On the other hand, color-conversion white LEDs (WLEDs) integrated with quantum dots (QDs) can simultaneously reach such high levels of photometric and colorimetric performance. However, their electrical efficiency performance and limits have been unknown. To understand their potential of luminous efficiency (lm/Welect), we modeled and studied different QD-WLED architectures based on layered QD films and QD blends, all integrated on blue LED chips. The architecture of red, yellow and green emitting QD films (in this order from the chip outwards) is demonstrated to outperform the rest. In this case, for photometrically efficient spectra, the maximum achievable LE is predicted to be 327 lm/W elect. Using a state-of-the-art blue LED reported with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 81.3%, the overall WLED PCE is shown to be 69%. To achieve LEs of 100, 150 and 200 lm/Welect, the required minimum quantum efficiencies of the color-converting QDs are found to be 39, 58 and 79%, respectively. © 2012 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).Item Open Access Quantum dot integrated LEDs using photonic and excitonic color conversion(Elsevier, 2011-11-23) Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Nizamoglu, S.; Erdem, T.; Mutlugun, E.; Gaponik N.; Eychmüller A.This review summarizes advantages, recent progress and challenges related to the quickly evolving research field of colloidal quantum dot integrated LEDs based on color conversion. We start with presenting a short general introduction to the field of solid state lighting and color conversion phenomena, which are essential for defining the requirements for high-quality general lighting. Subsequently we continue with a brief description of the synthesis of nanocrystal quantum dots and their optical properties together with the advantages of utilizing them in LEDs as color convertors. Following this basic background, we review the recent efforts on quantum dot integrated color-conversion LEDs, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) converted LEDs and FRET-enhanced LEDs. Finally, we conclude with a future outlook on semiconductor lighting and quantum dot integrated LEDs.Item Open Access Silicon-Germanium multi-quantum well photodetectors in the near infrared(Optical Society of American (OSA), 2012) Onaran, E.; Onbasli, M. C.; Yesilyurt, A.; Yu, H. Y.; Nayfeh, A. M.; Okyay, Ali KemalSingle crystal Silicon-Germanium multi-quantum well layers were epitaxially grown on silicon substrates. Very high quality films were achieved with high level of control utilizing recently developed MHAH epitaxial technique. MHAH growth technique facilitates the monolithic integration of photonic functionality such as modulators and photodetectors with low-cost silicon VLSI technology. Mesa structured p-i-n photodetectors were fabricated with low reverse leakage currents of ∼10 mA/cm2 and responsivity values exceeding 0.1 A/W. Moreover, the spectral responsivity of fabricated detectors can be tuned by applied voltage. © 2012 Optical Society of America.Item Open Access Simultaneous 3-D motion estimation and wire-frame model adaptation including photometric effects for knowledge-based video coding(IEEE, 1994) Bozdağı, Gözde; Tekalp, A. M.; Onural, LeventWe address the problem of 3-D motion estimation in the context of knowledge-based coding of facial image sequences. The proposed method handles the global and local motion estimation and the adaptation of a generic wire-frame to a particular speaker simultaneously within an optical flow based framework including the photometric effects of motion. We use a flexible wire-frame model whose local structure is characterized by the normal vectors of the patches which are related to the coordinates of the nodes. Geometrical constraints that describe the propagation of the movement of the nodes are introduced, which are then efficiently utilized to reduce the number of independent structure parameters. A stochastic relaxation algorithm has been used to determine optimum global motion estimates and the parameters describing the structure of the wire-frame model. For the initialization of the motion and structure parameters, a modified feature based algorithm is used. Experimental results with simulated facial image sequences are given.Item Open Access White light generating semiconductor nanocrystal luminophors with high photometric quality(IEEE, 2008-12) Demir, Hilmi VolkanWe proposed and demonstrated warm white light generating combinations of semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dot emitters with high photometric quality including high color rendering index (~80) on LED platforms to meet requirements of future lighting. Additionally, we developed and demonstrated plasmon coupling of these nanocrystal luminophors with metal nanoparticles to control and enhance their spontaneous emission in the solid state film.Item Open Access White-emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles with cross-linked shell for mechanical stability and controllable photometric properties in color-conversion LED applications(2011) Park, Eun-Ju; Erdem, T.; Ibrahimova, V.; Nizamoglu, S.; Demir, Hilmi Volkan; Tuncel, D.We report on the synthesis and characterization of water-dispersible, mechanically stable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in shelled architecture with tunable emission and controllable photometric properties via cross-linking. Using a reprecipitation method, whiteemitting polymer nanoparticles are prepared in different sizes by varying the concentration of polymer; the emission kinetics are tuned by controlling the shell formation. For this purpose, polyfluorene derivatives containing azide groups are selected that can be decomposed under UV light to generate very reactive species, which opportunely facilitate the inter- and intra-cross-linking of polymer chains to form shells. Nanoparticles before and after UV treatment are characterized by various techniques. Their size and morphologies are determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For optical characterization, UV vis and steady-state and timeresolved fluorescent spectroscopies are performed. Solid-state behaviors of these CPNs are also investigated by forming films through drop-casting. Moreover, the photometric calculations are also performed for films and dispersions to determine the color quality. A device has been constructed to show proof-of-principle white light generation from these nanoparticles. Additionally, mechanical stability studies are performed and demonstrated that these nanoparticles are indeed mechanically stable by removing the solvent after cross-linking using a freeze-dryer and redispersing in water and THF. Optical and imaging data confirm that the redispersed particles preserve their shapes and sizes after cross-linking.