Browsing by Subject "Pakistan"
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Item Restricted Analysis of Turkey-Pakistan relations through the scope of military coups(Bilkent University, 2019) Amjad, Alishba; Gledis Zeneli; Ubaid Ur Rehman; Riaz, Mehreen; Mammadli, İnji; Babayava, NarminTürkiye ve Pakistan birçok kültürel ve tarihi değeri paylaşıyor. Hem Türkiye'de hem de Pakistan'da ordu yönetime iki kez el koymuştur. İki darbe girişimi birbirini takip eden iki ya da üç yıl içerisinde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu olayları araştırmak bize Türkiye ve Pakistan arasındaki ilişkileri ve bu ilişkilerin temelindeki değerleri anlamamıza imkan sağlayacaktır.Item Open Access Community archaeology in Pakistan: three sites in Gandhara as a case study(Bilkent University, 2018-05) Siddiqui, Rida A.This thesis examines the scope of conducting a community archaeology project at three archaeological sites from Gandhara, Pakistan; Mankiala, Mohra Muradu and Jandial. In analyzing this possibility, the context in which such a project would be conducted is presented through a look at Pakistan’s history of archaeological research, as well as a variety of factors that have contributed to the decrepit state of Pakistan’s cultural heritage, today. Community archaeology as a method of archaeological research is discussed in detail, along with its meaning as understood by various scholars, and its importance within archaeological research today. The proposed methodology is then presented; the Community Archaeology Project Quseir (CAPQ) methodology, devised for a project in Quseir, Egypt, has become a primary guiding principle for community archaeology projects worldwide. Its applicability in Pakistan is examined in this study through fieldwork conducted in the form of one-on-one interviews with people residing around the three selected sites, as well as external observations made during site visits. This anthropological fieldwork aimed to explore how interviewees perceived the sites they live around, through conversations about their knowledge regarding the respective sites, and their views on tourism, archaeological research, and possible educational interventions which can aid in enhancing their knowledge, experience and interpretation of archaeological sites. The results of this fieldwork display, amongst other findings, a heightened interest in the aforementioned educational interventions, a positive sign for future archaeological research in the country.Item Open Access Concordance and islamization in civil-military relations: a comparative study of Pakistan and Turkey(Bilkent University, 2021-08) Pitafi, FariaIn order to test and reanalyse the theory of concordance proposed by Rebecca Schiff, this thesis applies it to two case studies – Pakistan’s 1999 coup and Turkey’s 2016 coup attempt – using a qualitative approach. Inquiring whether concordance among the military, the political elites, and the citizenry prevents domestic military intervention, the study focuses on the military coup outcome as its dependent variable. By using a comparative case analysis approach, not only the level of concordance is evaluated based on four indicators of concordance – social composition of officer corps, recruitment method, the political decision-making process, and military style – across two Muslim-majority democracies, but the role of Islamization in the military in achieving or preventing concordance is also explored. Comparing Pakistan with a highly Islamized military, an Islamic constitution, and a non-secular civilian government in the 1988-1999 period, and Turkey whose military has low and covert Islamization, a secular constitution, and a non-secular civilian government in the 2002-2016 period, this study concludes that Islamization in the military both aids and prevents concordance and hence, domestic military intervention, depending on specific conditions. Furthermore, although this research verifies concordance theory, it also proposes modest modifications to the theory by presenting different types of concordance that may exist among the three actors and highlighting the role of Islamization as an essential part of the culture in Muslim-majority states.Item Open Access The demand for energy in the large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan(Elsevier BV, 1990) Mahmud, Fakhre; Chishti, S.The extent of interfuel substitution, as well as substitution between energy and non-energy inputs, in the large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan has been examined. The model has been estimated in two stages. In the first stage input demand for various energy components is estimated and hence an aggregate Divisia index is constructed. In the second stage this index is used as an instrument to estimate aggregate input demand for capital, labour and energy along with their price and substitution elasticities. It seems that there is little interfuel substitution. The results also show that energy and labour are substitutes while energy and capital are complement.Item Open Access The energy demand in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan: some further results(Elsevier BV, 2000) Mahmud, S. F.The purpose of this study was to re-examine the role of energy in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan using a Partial Equilibrium Approach. GL restricted cost function along with the factor demand equations were estimated using Zellner's iterative procedure. Higher energy prices do not seem to adversely affect investment in capital. Substitution possibilities between energy and non-energy inputs are very limited and therefore energy price hikes may directly affect the cost of production. Inter-fuel cross price elasticities indicate that there are substitution possibilities between electricity and gas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: Q41.Item Open Access Macroeconometric modelling and Pakistan's economy. A vector autoregression approach(1992) Chishti, S. U.; Hasan, M. A.; Mahmud, S. F.Recent applications of the Vector Autoregression (VAR) technique pioneered by Sims, Litterman and Doan has become popular in macroeconomic modelling, particularly when knowledge about 'true' structural relations is absent. This study represents the first attempt to apply such a technique to Pakistani data for ten key macroeconomic variables. Unlike some of the earlier studies on Pakistan's economy our empirical results are intuitive and consistent with the predictions of the standard new neoclassical model. More importantly, based on these results, perhaps, one may also shed light on some of the dominant recurring macroeconomic issues of Pakistan's economy. © 1992.Item Restricted The role of regional cooperation for development (RCD) for Pak-Turk relations (1964-1979)(Bilkent University, 2019) Kurd, Mohammad Salahuddin; Amer, Mian Muhammad Umair; Shirmamadli, Ali; Mırzayev, Nurlan; Hasanov, Maharram; Khan, Javeria SamiRCD 21 Temmuz 1964 tarihinde İran, Pakistan ve Türkiye arasında yapılan bir antlaşmadır. Antlaşmanın amacı üye ülkeler arasındaki ticareti arttırmak ve batı güçlerine olan bağımlılığı azaltmaktır. Antlaşmanın ekonomik ve politik kazançları olsa da uzun vadede birçok iç ve dış zorlukla karşılaşmıştır.Item Open Access U.S. involvement in military coups d'état in Turkey and Pakistan during the cold war : between conspiracy and reality(Bilkent University, 2016-12) Aslan, ÖmerThe external dimension of military coups d’état has hitherto remained an understudied subject in civil-military relations. It has either fallen victim to conspiracies or been entirely sidelined as a non-issue. The objective of this research is to conceptualize the ‘role’ played by the United States in four military coups d’état in Turkey and Pakistan. In order to broach a detailed discussion of US role in 1958 and 1977 coups in Pakistan and 1960 and 1980 coups in Turkey, this dissertation brings in military-to-military relations in order to complement civil-military relations. This study also brings into the analysis ‘socialization’ through military training and education programs offered by the United States and international organizations such as NATO, which supposedly function as ‘socializing platforms’ as underexplored subjects in civil-military relations. This study considers ‘signalling’ as an important conceptual tool to understand U.S. reaction, thereby U.S. role in, to military coups d’état. The study finds that while the trigger for coups d’état remained local, the coupists considered it very important to receive U.S. endorsement. It also shows that the US supported all four coups nonetheless, though in different ways. It argues that military training and education programs and NATO membership did not socialize Turkish generals into democratic norms but allowed detailed knowledge of Turkish and Pakistani armed forces and facilitated smoother transition to post-coup period.Item Open Access The United States’ nuclear non-proliferation failure in the 1970s: the cases of India and Pakistan(Bilkent University, 2021-08) Hussain, UmerDuring the 1970s, the US government started becoming increasingly wary of the dangers of nuclear proliferation. The absence of a well-functioning international regime of non-proliferation compounded the United States’ fears of a world in which multiple nations outside their sphere of influence could acquire nuclear weapons. In this thesis, I explore the cases of two South Asian nations, India and Pakistan. The Indian peaceful nuclear explosion of 1974 was the result of a relatively low priority given to non-proliferation by the US. It took the US and the world by surprise and India’s accession to the ranks of the nuclear powers led to a rethinking of US nuclear non-proliferation policy. India’s 1974 explosion also paved the way for the acceleration of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons programme. Pakistan’s nuclear policy was shaped out of a perceived existential threat and possibility of nuclear blackmail that it faced from India. After several failed attempts to secure security guarantees from the US, Pakistan disregarded the international non-proliferation regime to try to maintain parity with India. The US government’s decision not to commit itself fully to Pakistan’s security was what ended up undercutting its broader non-proliferation goals by making it seem an unreliable ally to Pakistan.