Browsing by Subject "Orientalism"
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Item Open Access Bipolar disorder : "The West and the Rest"(Bilkent University, 2002) Johnston, Rachelhe current ‘War on Terror’ has revitalized the language of friends and enemies, us and them, good and evil. The whole world has been forced to choose sides: are you with the terrorists or are you with the ‘freedom loving democracies’? This bipolar construct of west/rest dates back to the European expansion in the 16th century. Despite shifts in political conjunctures and alliances since then, it has persisted as an organizing principle operating on a variety of levels, as an idea, an ideology and an identity. Consistently privileging the west’s role in defining itself in opposition to its Others, the west/rest construct is a political tool with a powerful impact on how we perceive ourselves and the world. The main question this thesis poses is: can the divide inherent in the west/rest iv construct be reconciled? With the current war dividing us yet again into friends and enemies, and with Islam silently targeted as the alter-ego of terrorism, understanding the ways in which ‘the west and the rest’ dynamic has determined the boundaries of ‘us versus them’ in the past, allows us to appreciate the current role it plays in orchestrating the present. Turkey is used as an illustrative case, by examining how the construct of Islam as Other functions politically within an Islamic democracy. A tentative conclusion this thesis offers is that alternative conceptions of Islamic identity, originating from within civil society, may well provide an opportunity for reconciling the deadlock of ‘the west and the rest’ as it is expressed both inside Turkey and in the international arena.Item Open Access Doğu ile Batı’nın şuh kadınları üzerinden “Öteki”nin cinselliğinin edebî temsili(Kadın ve Demokrasi Derneği, 2018) Kara, TuğbaBatı “Doğu” diye tahayyül edilen hayali coğrafyayı, kadın üzerinden tanımlarken, Doğu da “Batı” imgeleminde beden politikalarından yararlanıp bunu edebî üretimlerle beraber söylemsel boyuta taşır. Bu çalışma ile Şarkiyatçı ve Garbiyatçı iki ayrı söylemle konuşan; Pierre Loti’nin Aziyâde romanı ile Halid Ziya’nın Bir Şi’ri Hayâl adlı kitabında yer alan “Şadan’ın Gevezelikleri” adlı hikâyesi merkeze alınarak, politik söylemlerin metinselleştirilmesi bağlamında “Doğu” ve “Batı” diye tahayyül edilen hayali coğrafyaların “öteki”sini yaratırken “öteki”nin cinsellik ve cinsiyeti üzerinden kendi kimliğini nasıl inşa ettiği tartışılacaktır. Bu minvalde, bu çalışmada başta Edward Said’in Şarkiyatçılık üzerine geliştirdiği teoriler olmak üzere Jale Parla, Meltem Ahıska, Bernard Lewis, Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi gibi araştırmacıların başkalıkçı söylemlere dair ürettikleri teorilerden yararlanılacaktır.Item Open Access Eastern exoticism: Thackeray as tourist and anti-tourist(Istanbul Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakultesi - University of Istanbul, Faculty of Letters, 2021) Kennedy, ValerieWilliam Makepeace Thackeray’s 1846 Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo exemplifies the complexity of nineteenth-century travel-writing where exploration exists alongside tourism (and anti-tourism). In key Ottoman locations like Smyrna, Constantinople, and Cairo, the narrator’s desire for Oriental exoticism is sometimes realised but often disappointed as the East becomes increasingly modernised and Westernised. These conflicting perspectives are expressed through allusions, East-West comparisons, and irony and satire in a self-conscious and unstable narrative. William Makepeace Thackeray’in 1846 tarihli Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo keşfin turizmle (ve turizm karşıtlığıyla) birlikte yer aldığı on dokuzuncu yüzyıl seyahat yazılarının karmaşıklığına örnek teşkil eder. İzmir, İstanbul, Kahire gibi Osmanlı şehirlerinde yazarın Doğu egzotizmi hevesi, Doğu’nun giderek modernleşmesi ve Batılılaşmasıyla ancak bazen gerçekleşmekte, fakat çoğu zaman hayal kırıklığıyla sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu çelişkili bakış açıları imalarla, Doğu-Batı karşılaştırmalarıyla, mahcup ve güvenilmez bir anlatı dâhilinde ironi ve taşlamayla aktarılır.Item Open Access Figuring the orient : a discussion of orientalism within the context of Ferzan Özpetek's films(Bilkent University, 2004) Engin, EvrimThis study aims to inaugurate a thorough reading of two films by Ferzan Özpetek that employ Orient as their setting and major narrative element, Hamam (1997) and Harem Suare (1999), to examine their complicity with the Orientalist practices of representation. The discussion is informed by just as it responds to some of the crucial issues within postcolonial theory. Inspired by the deconstructive critique, the intrinsic relation between the Orientalist discourse and the general economy of Western subject formation has been elaborated through the analysis of the films. A three-fold approach has been pursued to be able to diagnose the latent Orientalism signing the films, since three constitutive moments authorize the attempt of giving a static form to the Orient. Therefore visual, aural and sexual registers of the Orientalist figuration has been explored.Item Open Access The imagery of woman in nineteenth century orientalist photography(Bilkent University, 2010) Vargı, Nimet ElifThis thesis aims to examine the photographic representation of the Eastern women, in nineteenth century. The theoretical framework of this study is based upon the formation of the representation of the “Eastern women” in the context of Orientalist discourse. The emergence of Orientalist studio photography is analyzed with the thematic classifications of the Eastern women in photography. In addition, how the Western subject constitutes himself through the agency of desire in terms of the images of the Eastern women is discussed.Item Open Access Karşılaşan oryantalizmler: Osmanlı, İngiliz ve Fransız şarkiyatçılığını seyahat anlatıları üzerinden okumak(Bilkent University, 2021-06) Bilgin, GözdeBu çalışma, Osmanlı oryantalizminin İngiliz ve Fransız oryantalizmi ile olan ilişkisine odaklanmaktadır. İngiliz, Fransız ve Osmanlı edebiyatından ve görsel kültüründen seçilen örnekler üzerinden bu bağlar incelenmektedir. Seçilen edebi metinler seyahatnameler ve seyahatname özelliği de taşıyan hibrit metinlerdir. Bu eserler, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ve 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden seçilmiştir. Doğu’yu ve Batı’yı bir karşıtlık üzerinden tanımlayan oryantalist sistemin temsilcileri olarak ise İngiliz ve Fransız seyyahlar seçilmiştir. Seçilen metinlerde İngiliz ve Fransız seyyahlar için Doğu, İstanbul ve Edirne’dir. Seçilen Osmanlı metinlerinde ise Doğu, Osmanlı’nın Kuzey Afrika toprakları ve Arap vilayetleridir. Osmanlı’nın kendi Doğu’sunu, kendi toprakları üzerinde oluşturma fikri ise Ussama Makdisi ve Sadık Celal Al- Azm gibi akademisyenlerin düşünceleri üzerinden açıklanmaktadır. Tezin iddiası ise İngiliz ve Fransız seyyahların Doğu’ya atfettiği tembellik, cahillik, şehvet düşkünlüğü ve vahşilik gibi ön yargıların Osmanlı oryantalizminde de çeşitli şekillerde kendisine yer bulduğudur. Osmanlı oryantalizminin bu kalıpları tekrar etmesinin sebebi ise Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Batılılaşmayı kendi eliyle bu topraklara getirmek istemesi ve bu sayede bu topraklar üzerindeki hakimiyetini meşrulaştırmaktır.Item Open Access Martin Hartmann ve şarkiyat çalışmaları(Turkish Studies Publisher, 2011) Cengiz, Semran19. yüzyılda, sömürgecilik faaliyetleri sonucunda dünyada söz sahibi ülkeler olarak öne çıkan İngiltere ve Fransa’ya yetişmeye çalışan Almanya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla askeri, siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel yönden ilişkilerini geliştirerek yarışa dahil olmaya çalışır. Bu dönemde Almanya’da hız kazanan şarkiyat çalışmaları neticesinde birçok araştırmacı Doğu’ya gelir. Bu şarkiyatçılardan biri olan Martin Hartmann, Kuzey Afrika’dan Çin’e kadar seyahatler yaparak bu bölgelerde yaşayan toplumların din, dil, edebiyat, tarih, coğrafya ve gelenekleri hakkında malzemeler toplayıp onlarca eser kaleme alır. Ortadoğu’nun siyasi yönden çalkantılı olduğu bir dönemde gelen Hartmann, siyasi hareketlerden de uzak kalmayarak Osmanlı egemenliğindeki Arapların bağımsızlık çabalarını teşvik eder. Türkoloji alanında da çalışmalar yapmış olan Hartmann, sabırsız ve aceleci kişiliğinin bir sonucu olarak zaman zaman önyargılı değerlendirmelerde bulunur.Item Open Access Mixing genres to overcome orientalist divisions: lifewriting in ahdaf soueif's the map of love an edward said's after the last sky and out of place(A M S Press, Inc., 2021) Kennedy, ValerieItem Open Access Orientalism in the Victorian Era(Oxford University Press, 2017) Kennedy, Valerie; Rabinowitz, P.Orientalism in the Victorian era has origins in three aspects of 18th-century European and British culture: first, the fascination with The Arabian Nights (translated into French by Antoine Galland in 1704), which was one of the first works to have purveyed to Western Europe the image of the Orient as a place of wonders, wealth, mystery, intrigue, romance, and danger; second, the Romantic visions of the Orient as represented in the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Gordon, Lord Byron, and other Romantics as well as in Thomas Moore’s Lalla Rookh; and third, the domestication of opium addiction in Thomas de Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater. Victorian Orientalism was all pervasive: it is prominent in fiction by William Thackeray, the Brontë sisters, Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Joseph Conrad, and Rudyard Kipling, but is also to be found in works by Benjamin Disraeli, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and Robert Louis Stevenson, among others. In poetry Edward Fitzgerald’s Rubaiyat is a key text, but many works by Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning also show the influence of Orientalist tropes and ideas. In theater it is one of the constant strands of much popular drama and other forms of popular entertainment like panoramas and pageants, while travel writing from Charles Kingsley to Richard Burton, James Anthony Froude, and Mary Kingsley shows a wide variety of types of Orientalist figures and concepts, as do many works of both popular and children’s literature. Underlying and uniting all these diverse manifestations of Victorian Orientalism is the imperialist philosophy articulated by writers as different as Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx, supported by writings of anthropologists and race theorists such as James Cowles Pritchard and Robert Knox. Toward the end of the Victorian era, the image of the opium addict and the Chinese opium den in the East End of London or in the Orient itself becomes a prominent trope in fiction by Dickens, Wilde, and Kipling, and can be seen to lead to the proliferation of Oriental villains in popular fiction of the early 20th century by such writers as M. P. Shiel, Guy Boothby, and Sax Rohmer, whose Dr. Fu Manchu becomes the archetypal version of such figures.Item Open Access Reading turcophilia: The Turkish life of pierre loti in Aziyadé and fantôme d’orient(2021-11-26) Almas, Hacer EsraAziyadé (1879) and Fantôme d’Orient (1891), an autobiographical debut novel and a travel narrative by Pierre Loti, are key texts in French exoticist literature. Set in the Ottoman Empire on the eve of its disintegration, Loti’s debut novel illustrates a young man’s discovery of life à la turque through an account of his stay in Istanbul and his liaison with Aziyadé, a young married Turkish woman from a harem. The affair ended with his departure, but Loti’s fondness for Istanbul remained. He returned to the city ten years later, as a best-selling literary writer and a member of the Academie Française, to seek the traces of his past. Fantôme d’Orient is the account of his three-day stay in search of his Turkish life and a self-reflexive meditation on memory, loss, death, and distance. Loti’s Turkish persona and profound attachment to the country raise questions on affect and affinity, or on what it means to write as a Turcophile. Taking its cue from the links among exoticism, imperialism and travel writing, this paper illustrates the personal, the political, and the poetic implications of Loti’s assumed Turkish identity. Focusing on affect and rhetoric, it seeks to answer how affinity shapes discourses conditioned by power and empire, highlighting its poetic potential and political sensibilities.Item Open Access Representations of Afghan women by nineteenth century British travel writers(Bilkent University, 2015-09) Nawandish, MariaThis thesis attempts to represent the life of Afghan women in the nineteenth century (during the Anglo-Afghan wars) through a qualitative and quantitative study of accounts by English travel writers using an Orientalist and travel writing discourse. The information collected and used in this thesis drives from more than 70 accounts by British travel writers (mostly military) who visited Afghanistan during the nineteenth century. The thesis offers a comparative study of the life of Afghan women according to region, ethnicity and class, since Afghanistan was (and is) a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country, and the status of women changes when taking these factors into account. Like other women in the nineteenth century, the life of Afghan women was not easy. They were dominant in the domestic sphere; but they did not have the right to go out, to marry by their choice, and were expected to be secluded if they wanted to go out, despite some exceptions. This study aims to investigate the social status of women along with their contribution to the economy and war which remained largely unknown for patriotic reasons, with the investigation of Western Women‘s life in Afghanistan during the nineteenth century.Item Open Access Revolution, modernity and the Arab Spring(Bilkent University, 2017-07) Cafnik Uludağ, PetraThis dissertation critically examines how linguistic and discursive practices in global media discourses devalorize the revolutionary implications of the so called Arab Spring. By using media framing analysis it approaches the global media’s construct of the Arab Spring as a revolutionary event in three steps. First, it analyzes framing and usage of the name Arab Spring, showing how the name itself implies two defining characteristics of the events: the Arabness and the Springness. Second, it focuses on the universal conception of revolution, questioning its relationship with Western modernity that affects the way global media approach and represent non- Western revolutions. Third, it compares global media practices with local media practices, highlighting how Eurocentric understanding of the events affects media reporting in global news outlets. The thesis finds that regional, cultural, and political peculiarities of the Arab Spring affected global media’s reporting. When the global Western media approached the revolutions in the Arab world, the Arab Spring was not just a name; it became a condensation of political and social contexts that provided the meaning for the events. Western media has conceptualized the Arab Spring as a regional Arab event, a temporary awakening, that can suddenly turn into a suppression of will and progress. Further on the concept of revolution as used by the media failed to explain the events: first, because the concept is defined by its own Western identity; second, because it is defined with its own understanding of modernization and progress that is specific to the European context.Item Open Access Treachery of silence: usage of pro- and anti-slavery rhetoric as a political propaganda in 18th- and 19th-century revolutions(Bilkent University, 2021-08) Öztürk, Bengin EserFrom the 18th century onwards, slavery held a consistent place in the Western intellectual heritage. American, Haitian and Greek Revolutionaries used the term slavery to describe their conditions under the colonial powers they were living in. According to their ideological and intellectual position, we can analyze how slavery was used in different ways. This research aims to explore how pro-slavery advocates used rhetoric linked to slavery to bolster their racial prejudices towards the Haitian revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire. It underlines that due to their intellectual foundation, some Western intellectuals chose to retain hierarchies regarding Black individuals. On the other hand, some Western intellectuals chose to aid Greek revolutionaries due to their disenfranchised conditions under the Ottoman Empire.Item Open Access A would-be Turk: Louis XIV in le Bourgeois gentilhomme(Routledge, 2010) Hodson, D.Despite the large number of references to diplomatic blunders by the French during Süleyman Aǧa's visit to Paris in 1669 and the charade-like character of much of Louis XIV's policies towards the Ottoman Empire during the period, few scholars have seen the humour in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme as directed towards the crown and court. In this article, I argue that Molière's comedy-ballet can be read as a pointed satire of how Hugues de Lionne, the foreign minister, and the king received the Ottoman envoy in their official audiences, and of French foreign policy with the Ottoman state itself. The mummery involved in Lionne's receiving Süleyman as the 'Grand Vizier' of France, and the king's pretence in expecting to be viewed as a crusading monarch while diligently pursuing commercial relations with the Porte, provided Molière with ample material for satirical development. The oriental trappings of the work, especially of the Turkish ceremony, might thus be considered as a means to mirror and criticize French governmental policies and behaviour rather than as a proto-colonialist attempt imaginatively to represent the Ottoman Turk. © The Society for Seventeenth-Century French Studies 2010.