Browsing by Subject "Nomadism"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Physical environment and settlement patterns in Deliorman region (N.E. Bulgaria) in the sixteenth century
(2018-05) Yağ, Ayşegül
The spreading process of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan region covers a very long period. After the successive conquest period, the ultimate goal of the institutionalization was to maintain the permanence in the region. To accomplish this, they practiced military and political methods. One of the most important of these was the establishment of new settlements representing the Ottoman presence. In the context of this study, the nature of these new settlements formed in the Deliorman region in the 16th century will be examined on the basis of the villages. Also, the role of geographical factors will be emphasized in these settlements. The demographic changes over time will be revealed via tahrir defters (tax registers) dated 1530, 1573 and 1580. The geographical factors will be used as the basis for the comparisons between these three defters. For this reason, 11 villages have been chosen to make an analysis about the process of infiltration of the nomadic groups into the sedentary life.
Open Access
Türkmen Voyvodası, tribesmen and the Ottoman State, (1590-1690)
(2011) Usta, Onur
The Turcomans were one of the most dynamic elements in the Ottoman history. The Ottomans had to cope with those forceful nomads, while consolidating their dominance over Anatolia. Although there was a clear tendency towards sedentarization during sixteenth century, a visible revival of nomadism is observed in Anatolia during the seventeenth century. According to the contemporary chronicles, the Turcomans tend to have maintained their dynamism throughout the seventeenth century. On the other hand, in this period the Türkmen voyvodalığı appeared as a new desirable post over which there were great struggles, especially led by the kapıkulu sipahs. The office of the Türkmen voyvodalığı played a key role in many rebellions of the seventeenth century. This thesis attempts to deal with the Türkmen voyvodalığı in the period between 1590-1690. Basing on understanding what the Türkmen voyvodası was, it tries to shed light upon the nomadic groups generally, particulary the Turcomans, in the seventeenth century.
Open Access
The yörüks: their origins, expansion and economic role
(2014) İnalcık, Halil
Yörüks, are historically known as Turkmen (Turcoman), or Al-Atrak, being a branch of the Oguz group of peoples who invaded Asia Minor from the 1020's onwards. The Seljuk/Selcukid central government used to settle them on the East Roman borders-marches. Due to the nature of animal husbandry and seasonal migrations, conflict with the central government, Seljuk or Ottoman, was at times inevitable. Due to their activities against the East Roman Empire a heavy concentration of Turkmen formed in western Anatolia. In a census of 1520-1530 pastoral nomads in the provinces of Western Anatolia numbered 77,368 and those on military service 52.148. The regions where a sizeable Turkmen population formed were the mountainous areas with yaylak, summer pastures, along the Toros mountain chain from western Anatolia to the coasts of the Mediterranean and in the Lake District in the Isparta-Eğirdir region. Practising the heterodox doctrines of Shii’ite Islam, the Turkmen often came in conflict with the central government. The term yoruk or yoruk was the descriptive term preferred by the official chancery. The central government employed yoruks in military service. The contribution of the Yoruks to the economy of the Ottoman state was important for transportation as, before the railways, transport overland between the regions depended entirely upon yoruk camel caravans. Main items of trade were yoruk carpets and rugs: halı, kilim, seccade, ortu etc. Tribal and regional designs distinguished local productions. Turkmen carpets were very valuable and had been exported to the West and to Moslem countries from the XIIIth century onwards.