Browsing by Subject "Hittite"

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Open Access
Coğrafi konumu ve sosyolojik yapılanması bakımından Geç Tunç Döneminde Amurru
(Ayman Verlag- und Media - Service, 2023-04-01) Beldan, Şafak
Aynı anda coğrafi bir yönü, Sami kökenli bir toplumu ve bir ülkeyi temsil eden Amurru, önce M.Ö. 3. binyılın son çeyreğinde coğrafi yönü ve toplumu tanımlarken, ardından M.Ö. 2. binyılda ise ek olarak Yakın Doğu’nun Levant topraklarında yer alan bir ülkeyi tanımlamıştır. Coğrafi konumu nedeniyle ülke tanımı daha çok öne çıkan Amurru, M.Ö. 2. binyılın ikinci yarısını kapsayan Geç Tunç Dönemi boyunca dönemin hâkim güçleri arasında jeopolitik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Buna göre Amurru Yakın Doğu Coğrafyasının çerçevesinde Anadolu (kuzey) ve Mısır (güney) arasında tampon bir bölge konumundadır. Bununla beraber Hitit yazışmalarından Amurru’nun Ege (batı) ve Mezopotamya (doğu) arasında da tampon bir konumda olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Tarihi coğrafyasının son derece büyük bir önem arz etmesine karşın, bu durum aynı zaman da bazı sorunsalların da oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Dört bir yönden jeopolitik öneme sahip olan Amurru Krallığı’nın sınırları, başkenti ve yapılanması halen tam olarak bilinememektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, coğrafi unsurlar nezdinde Amurru Krallığı’nın Geç Tunç Dönemindeki konumunun bilimsel anlamda disiplinler arası iş birliğine bağlı olarak incelenmesidir.
Open Access
Foreigners and foreignness in Hittite Anatolia
(2021-09) Dağbaşı, Ege
Identifying foreigners and foreign elements, and understanding how foreignness was conceptualized in the Hittite world is challenging. Since the Hittite society was complex and, it included various different languages and possible ethnic groups, it is not obvious in the textual or archaeological record which individuals and groups were accepted and which were perceived as unfamiliar to the society. Just as there were no particular words to indicate locals, citizens or Hittites in general, there is not a single word to mark foreigners in the Hittite language. Several different words were used to distinguish marginalized groups and individuals. Archaeological records as much as the textual sources provide insights into the presence and perception of the foreigners in Hittite society. Foreign artefacts in Hatti represents the connections and contacts of the Hittites with their surrounding states. Hittite relations with Azzi-Ḫayaša are a good example to comprehend the attitudes of the Hittite towards a region and a state that they might have perceived as foreign.
Open Access
Hittite geographers: geographical perceptions and practices in hittite anatolia
(De Gruyter, 2018-05-04) Gerçek, Nebahat Ilgi
Hittite archives are remarkably rich in geographical data. A diverse array of documents has yielded, aside from thousands of geographical names (of towns, territories, mountains, and rivers), detailed descriptions of the Hittite state’s frontiers and depictions of landscape and topography. Historical geography has, as a result, occupied a central place in Hittitological research since the beginnings of the field. The primary aim of scholarship in this area has been to locate (precisely) or localize (approximately) regions, towns, and other geographical features, matching Hittite geographical names with archaeological sites, unexcavated mounds, and—whenever possible—with geographical names from the classical period. At the same time, comparatively little work has been done on geographical thinking in Hittite Anatolia: how and for what purpose(s) was geographical information collected, organized, and presented? How did those who produce the texts imagine their world and their homeland, “the Land of Hatti?” How did they characterize other lands and peoples they came into contact with? Concentrating on these questions, the present paper aims to extract from Hittite written sources their writers’ geographical conceptions and practices. It is argued that the acquisition and management of geographical information was an essential component of the Hittite Empire’s administrative infrastructure and that geographical knowledge was central to the creation of a Hittite homeland.
Open Access
Rural administration in Hittite Anatolia
(2019-05) Sorensen, Roslyn
Administration is a tool consisting of a set of processes that underpin modern management methods in all realms of society. Its use is taken for granted in most present day cultures, by all governments and in most institutions. The elements of modern administration are well set out in management text books and ‘how to’ manuals, yet surprisingly little is known about the historical development of administration, other than in specialised modern arenas, such as public administration, the judiciary and the defence forces. This thesis aims to describe the administrative system in an ancient civilisation, that of the Hittites in Bronze Age Central Anatolia. The study compared evidence from archaeological and textual data with a framework of dimensions of administration in ancient societies identified from the literature. The Hittite system of rural administration rated highly on almost all dimensions and the conclusion drawn is that it was well developed and comprehensive. However, a propensity to rely too heavily on traditional systems beyond their use-by date may have prevented a level of flexibility developing to deal with new problems as they arose, such as climate change and the migration of new groups into the area. Further research is needed to assess whether a propensity for administrative traditionalism contributed to the eventual collapse of the Hittite civilisation. Research is also needed to assess the impact of technological innovation on social and administrative change, including grain storage and water management technologies.
Open Access
The socio-political structure of Western Anatolia during the (L)BA
(2021-09) Özbaş, Beril
The socio-political structure of western Anatolia during the (Late) Bronze Age is the focus of this thesis. It is visible that the western Anatolian Bronze Age is relatively an understudied subject in comparison to Central Anatolia. One of the biggest problems of the Anatolian Bronze Age studies is that the relative works are either based on archaeological data or textual sources. This paper aims to use both archaeological data and textual sources to reach a broader understanding of the socio-political structure of the region during the (L)BA. To manage this, the text chapter studies different Hittite texts that provide insights about western Anatolia. Based on these texts, five different tables were created, and they present terms related to socio-political structure. These are geographical/political terms, terms related to residents of foreign lands, terms related to military power, terms related to administrative offices. The archaeology chapter studies the socio-political structure of the western Anatolian Bronze Age from a general to specific approach by starting with the settlement types and patterns, geographical and (material) cultural zones in the region, and continue with the case studies from different parts of western Anatolia as Beycesultan, Kaymakçı, Troy, and Bademgediği Tepe. By combining both textual and archaeological data, it is hoped that this thesis will bring attention to the western Anatolian Bronze Age and present a more comprehensive perspective on its socio-political structure.