Browsing by Subject "Expression"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4

Open Access
Deste gol be âb dâden ve dilin olmazsa olmaz unsurları olarak söz kalıpları
(2010) Ceylan, Emre
Üç farklı kök hikâyeye dayanan Farsçadaki Deste gol be âb dâden (Çiçeği suya vermek) deyimi pek çok versiyonuyla birlikte yüzlerce farklı anlamda kullanılır. Öyleyse fonksiyonalistlerin iddia ettiği gibi söz kalıpları, “az gelişmiş atalarımızdan kalan işlevini yitirmiş dil artıkları” değildir. Kalıp ifadeler basit birer hatırlatıcı olmanın çok ötesinde son derece sofistike işlevlere sahiptir. Gündelik hayatta kullandığımız hemen tüm kelimeler de, söz kalıpları gibi, son kertede olgusallıkta yaşanmış bir deneyime dayanır. Yalnızca söz kalıpları değil kelimeler de –en az- bir deneyimin ürünüdür. Onlara da kalıplar gibi yalnızca “anlam” değil aynı zamanda “değer” yüklenir. Bu sonuç, “söylem” analizinin temeline dilin değer içeren en küçük birimi olarak “ifade”yi koyan Foucault’un tezleriyle örtüşmektedir. İfadenin merkeze alınmasıyla anlam araştırması, analitik ve kavramsal düzlemden hermenötik ve fenomenolojinin alanına kayar. Halkbilimde henüz pek itibar görmüyor olsa da, günümüz dilbilim tartışmalarında hermenötik ve fenomenolojik yöntemler giderek daha sık kullanılmaktadır; ne var ki, bu yöndeki çalışmalarda da hâlen ağırlıklı olarak kelime baz alınmakta, semiyolojinin ve yapısalcığın devam eden güçlü etkisiyle söz kalıpları da kelimelere parçalanarak incelenmeye devam edilmektedir. Hâlbuki başta söz kalıpları olmak üzere en küçük atomik dilsel birim olan “ifade”ler, “dil”in tüm karakteristik özelliklerini taşıyan olmazsa olmaz unsurlarıdır.
Open Access
A highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to hepatitis C virus
(2000) Eroğlu, C.; Yıldız, E.; Öztürk, M.; Pınarbaşı, E.
In this study, a 178 amino acids long portion of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core gene was cloned, sequenced, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. The resulting antigen (C178) was tested with human sera enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to assess its ability to diagnose HCV. It was shown by ELISA that 92% of the patients sera, diagnosed previously by a 3(rd) generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA) as HCV-positive, had antibodies against the C178 antigen. This antigen gave no false positive results when tested with anti-HCV-negative sera.
Open Access
Identification of Novel Reference Genes Based on MeSH Categories
(PLoS ONE, 2014) Ersahin, T.; Carkacioglu, L.; Can, T.; Konu, O.; Atalay, V.; Cetin Atalay, R.
Transcriptome experiments are performed to assess protein abundance through mRNA expression analysis. Expression levels of genes vary depending on the experimental conditions and the cell response. Transcriptome data must be diverse and yet comparable in reference to stably expressed genes, even if they are generated from different experiments on the same biological context from various laboratories. In this study, expression patterns of 9090 microarray samples grouped into 381 NCBI-GEO datasets were investigated to identify novel candidate reference genes using randomizations and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The analysis demonstrated that cell type specific reference gene sets display less variability than a united set for all tissues. Therefore, constitutively and stably expressed, origin specific novel reference gene sets were identified based on their coefficient of variation and percentage of occurrence in all GEO datasets, which were classified using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). A large number of MeSH grouped reference gene lists are presented as novel tissue specific reference gene lists. The most commonly observed 17 genes in these sets were compared for their expression in 8 hepatocellular, 5 breast and 3 colon carcinoma cells by RT-qPCR to verify tissue specificity. Indeed, commonly used housekeeping genes GAPDH, Actin and EEF2 had tissue specific variations, whereas several ribosomal genes were among the most stably expressed genes in vitro. Our results confirm that two or more reference genes should be used in combination for differential expression analysis of large-scale data obtained from microarray or next generation sequencing studies. Therefore context dependent reference gene sets, as presented in this study, are required for normalization of expression data from diverse technological backgrounds. © 2014 Ersahin et al.
Open Access
Regulation of Homer and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors by nicotine
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005) Kane, J. K.; Hwang, Y.; Konu, O.; Loughlin, S. E.; Leslie, F. M.; Li, M. D.
The present study focuses on the nicotine-induced modulation of mRNA and protein expression of a number of genes involved in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in rat brain over different time periods of exposure. A subchronic (3 days) but not the chronic (7 or 14 days) administration of nicotine resulted in the up-regulation of Homer2a/b mRNA in the amygdala while in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) no change in expression of either Homer2a/b or Homer1b/c was observed. Although the increase in Homer2a/b mRNA was not translated into the protein level in the amygdala, a slight but significant up-regulation of Homer1b/c protein was observed in the same region at day 3. Both Homer forms were up-regulated at the protein level in the VTA at day 3. In the nucleus accumbens, 14 days of nicotine treatment up-regulated mRNA of Homer2b/c by 68.2% (P < 0.05), while the short form Homer1a gene was down-regulated by 65.0% at day 3 (P < 0.05). In regard to other components of the glutamatergic signalling, we identified an acute and intermittent increase in the mRNA and protein levels of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the amygdala. In the VTA, however, the effects of nicotine on mGluR mRNA expression were long-lasting but rather specific to mGluR1. Nevertheless, mGluR1 protein levels in the VTA area were up-regulated only at day 3, as in the amygdala. These data provide further evidence for the involvement of nicotine in the glutamatergic neuronal synaptic activity in vivo, suggesting a role for the newly identified Homer proteins in this paradigm.