Browsing by Subject "Corruption"
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Item Open Access Corruption and economic development in energy-rich economies(Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2009) Kalyuzhnova, Y.; Kutan, A. M.; Yiğit, TanerWe empirically model the causes of corruption and test the economic development-corruption link in energy-rich economies, using data from 48 countries with energy resources. The results indicate that energy abundance may not necessarily hurt economic development in energy-rich countries, allowing enterprises to conduct business more effectively to reduce corruption, establishing a better political (democratic) regime improves corruption rankings, and finally while corruption reduces both the level of GDP per capita and its growth rate, economic development decreases corruption.Item Open Access The dilemma of developing an industry code of conduct in a medium of widespread corruption(1996) Ateş, ÖzgürThis study analyzes the relations between suppliers and the buyers (decision makers) in the health care products in Turkey. The analysis of the study showed that to establish a code of conduct in the industry, is practically impossible at the moment due to the lack of favorable conditions, basically the corruptive environment. This study is divided into eight parts. However the main concentration was on ten case episodes, analysis of the cases and strategies related to negotiation. Cases were developed based on the data collected through personal interviews.. The Action Research methodology was employed during the study. This method includes evaluation of agreed upon actions related to the data gathenng, information, information shanng, action planning, and lessons learned from the case studies. Also a search conference was held in in March 1995,in Antalya for three days, which is a particapatory planning method. The participants, who were 35-40 stakeholders from the health care products sector, designed the future of the sector, and the strategies to implement them. An official organization (association) called SADER (Sağlık Gereçleri Üreticileri ve Temsilcileri Derneği/ Association of Health Care Product Manufacturers and Representatives) was established to develop honest, fair and trustworthy relations between (suppliers) and the buyers. It is expected this organization will play an important role in the years ahead in achieving its main goals since SADER members control 80 percent of the market. It is also predicted that all parties namely suppliers, buyers, and the domain, involved will get mutual benefits out of this action plan. The episodes analyzed in the text will give an analytical perspective to the reader, i.e. the problems between parties can easily be solved through effective communication and understandings. Based on the analysis of the available data and review of the findings several recommendations are made to alleviate some of the problems that exist between suppliers and the buyers. Findings are classified under the learning perspective which indicates how a necessary change takes place and the cultural and social perspective where characteristics of the domain is reviewed on the individual as well as the societal level.Item Open Access How does education affect political trust?: an analysis of moderating factors(Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2020) Uğur‑Çınar, Meral; Çınar, K.; Köse, T.This article aims to understand the correlates of political trust by delving into the multiple interactive effects of education in democratic states throughout the world. It asks whether education raises political trust by increasing the stakes of the citizens in the system and whether education diminishes trust as a result of being abler to evaluate the existence of corruption in a given country. It also taps into how post-materialism as an individual-level factor affects this equation by activating critical judgments toward political institutions. The findings show that, indeed, the effect of education on political trust is very context-dependent. Political trust and education are positively correlated in more meritocratic countries and negatively correlated in the more corrupt ones. Post-material values, combined with educational attainment, tend to lower political trust to a certain extent yet this effect is surpassed by the presence or absence of meritocracy or political corruption. We also find that the effect of education on political trust becomes more pronounced as the level of education increases, with university graduates being the most susceptible to the effects of meritocracy and corruption on their trust levels.Item Open Access Intermediaries and corruption(Elsevier BV, 2008) Hasker, K.; Okten, C.Surveys of businessmen and anecdotal evidence blame intermediary agents (middlemen hired by corporations and individuals) for increasing corruption in the developing world. Although this problem has gained the attention of policy makers, there has been little formal analysis of it in the economics literature. In a game theoretic model analyzing the interaction between clients, public official and intermediary agents, we find that intermediary agents worsen the impact of corruption and that traditional methods of fighting corruption can actually increase corruption in the presence of intermediary agents. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Open Access “A most revolting state of affairs”: Theodore Roosevelt’s aldermanic bill and the New York assembly city investigating committee of 1884(Routledge, 2009-03) Kohn, E. P.In 1884 Theodore Roosevelt chaired a special committee of the New York Assembly, charged with investigating corruption in New York City departments. Roosevelt had also presented to the Assembly a bill to strip the city’s Board of Aldermen of their power to confirm mayoral appointments. The “Roosevelt bill” sought to break the power of Tammany over these appointments, and reduce waste and corruption. While the committee’s investigation provided the press lurid examples of corruption and incompetence, in the end it did little to diminish Tammany’s power. For Roosevelt, however, the committee hearings served as a perfect backdrop to his Aldermanic bill which was eventually signed into law by Governor Grover Cleveland. The parallel paths of the bill and the committee revealed Roosevelt as a shrewd politico building his reputation as an urban reformer.Item Open Access Online learning under adverse settings(2015-05) Özkan, HüseyinWe present novel solutions for contemporary real life applications that generate data at unforeseen rates in unpredictable forms including non-stationarity, corruptions, missing/mixed attributes and high dimensionality. In particular, we introduce novel algorithms for online learning, where the observations are received sequentially and processed only once without being stored, under adverse settings: i) no or limited assumptions can be made about the data source, ii) the observations can be corrupted and iii) the data is to be processed at extremely fast rates. The introduced algorithms are highly effective and efficient with strong mathematical guarantees; and are shown, through the presented comprehensive real life experiments, to significantly outperform the competitors under such adverse conditions. We develop a novel highly dynamical ensemble method without any stochastic assumptions on the data source. The presented method is asymptotically guaranteed to perform as well as, i.e., competitive against, the best expert in the ensemble, where the competitor, i.e., the best expert, itself is also specifically designed to continuously improve over time in a completely data adaptive manner. In addition, our algorithm achieves a significantly superior modeling power (hence, a significantly superior prediction performance) through a hierarchical and self-organizing approach while mitigating over training issues by combining (taking finite unions of) low-complexity methods. On the contrary, the state-of-the-art ensemble techniques are heavily dependent on static and unstructured expert ensembles. In this regard, we rigorously solve the resulting issues such as the over sensitivity to source statistics as well as the incompatibility between the modeling power and the computational load/precision. Our results uniformly hold for every possible input stream in the deterministic sense regardless of the stationary or non-stationary source statistics. Furthermore, we directly address the data corruptions by developing novel versatile imputation methods and thoroughly demonstrate that the anomaly detection -in addition to being stand alone an important learning problem- is extremely effective for corruption detection/imputation purposes. To that end, as the first time in the literature, we develop the online implementation of the Neyman-Pearson characterization for anomalies in stationary or non-stationary fast streaming temporal data. The introduced anomaly detection algorithm maximizes the detection power at a specified controllable constant false alarm rate with no parameter tuning in a truly online manner. Our algorithms can process any streaming data at extremely fast rates without requiring a training phase or a priori information while bearing strong performance guarantees. Through extensive experiments over real/synthetic benchmark data sets, we also show that our algorithms significantly outperform the state-of-the-art as well as the most recently proposed techniques in the literature with remarkable adaptation capabilities to non-stationarity.Item Open Access Parliamentary immunity in democratizing countries: the case of Turkey(The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009) Wigley, S.This article examines the effect that shielding elected representatives from criminal law might have in those countries that are undergoing democratization. Parliamentary immunity helps to compensate for any shortfall in the human rights enjoyed by ordinary citizens and provides elected representatives with the protection necessary to rectify that shortfall. However, the immunity may also protect subversive advocacy, rights violations and political corruption. Turkey provides an illuminating case study of those challenges to parliamentary immunity. Drawing on the Turkish experience, it is argued that methods other than exposing parliamentarians to criminal prosecution should be used to counter those problems.Item Open Access Türk Ceza Hukukunda ihaleye fesat karıştırma suçu(2024-07) Cebeci, RevnaDevletin harcama ve gelir getirici işlemlerinden olan kamu ihaleleri, devleti doğrudan ilgilendirmelerinin yanı sıra ekonomik ve sosyal boyutları dolayısıyla hem ihaleye katılan isteklileri hem de toplumun genelini doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Bu sebeple kamu ihaleleri yasal düzenlemelere, ilgili düzenlemelere aykırılıklar ise kanuni şartların gerçekleşmiş olmasına bağlı olarak idari ve cezai yaptırımlara tabii tutulmaktadır. Kamu ihalelerinin düzenlendiği temel iki kanun 2886 sayılı Devlet İhale Kanunu ve 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanunudur. Kamu ihalelerine ilişkin usul, esas ve ilkeler belirlenerek kamu ihalelerinin işleyişi yasal bir zemine oturtulmuştur. Kamu ihalelerinin hukuka ve kanuna uygun olarak yürütülmesini teminen 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu kapsamında ihaleye fesat karıştırma suçuna yer verilerek ihale sürecinde meydana gelecek birtakım fiiller cezai yaptırıma bağlanmıştır. Çalışmamızdaki temel amaç devleti ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan büyük ölçüde etkileyen ve ilgilendiren kamu ihalelerindeki usulsüzlüklerin ve dolayısıyla da ihaleye fesat karıştırma suçunun incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda ilk olarak kamu ihalelerinin tarihsel ve kavramsal çerçevesine yer verilecek, daha sonrasında ise usulüne uygun ihale süreci ve bu süreçte uyulması gereken ilkelerle sakınılması gereken yasaklı davranışlar incelenecektir. En nihayetinde ise ihaleye fesat karıştırma suçu detaylı olarak irdelenecektir.Item Restricted Türk Ticaret Bankası'nın iflası(Bilkent University, 2023) Ayan, Ebru; İşler, Amine Berra; Odabaş, Berke; Çağan, Berkan EgemFollowing the 2001 financial crisis, efforts were made to strengthen and regulate the Turkish banking industry in order to make it more stable and reliable in international financial markets. Banks played an important role in facilitating economic growth by stimulating private-sector lending and investment. The 2001 financial crisis, on the otherhand, resulted in the demise of large banks and emphasized the need for tougher regulation sand improved risk management. Türk Ticaret Bankası (TTB) was one of the banks that had problem sand had to be liquidated. This article looked at the cause sand implications of TTB's bankruptcy.Item Open Access The Turkish presidential elections of 10 August 2014(Routledge, 2015) Grigoriadis, I. N.The Turkish presidential elections of 10 August 2014 were the first direct elections in the history of republican Turkey. The election of prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in the first round illustrated his dominant position in Turkish politics, as well as the inability of opposition parties to provide an alternative candidate who appealed to the Turkish electorate. Growing social polarization and concern about emerging autocratic tendencies, corruption allegations and the multilevel crisis in the Middle East failed to dissuade Turkish voters. Nevertheless, the fulfilment of Erdoğan’s declared intention of introducing presidentialism in Turkey will depend on the result of the upcoming parliamentary elections, to be held in June 2015 at the latest. © 2015, © 2015 Taylor & Francis.Item Open Access Understanding and managing complexity through Bayesian network approach: the case of bribery in business transactions(Elsevier, 2019) Ekici, Ahmet; Ekici, Ş. Ö.Managing complex business problems requires decision makers to take a systemic perspective and utilize tools that can generate knowledge from the interdependencies of the system’s complex properties. As such, the current research focuses on an important yet ambiguous business problem–bribery. Using the Global Competitiveness Index data provided by the World Economic Forum, the authors constructed and analysed a Bayesian network to delineate a ‘system’ of bribery in business transactions. In this context, they first determined the factors related to bribery activities and then developed a structural model (the Bayesian network). Through scenario and sensitivity analyses performed over the constructed model, the authors identified the factors that have the greatest impact on bribery activities. They further analysed the resulting model based on the countries’ stage of economic development in order to provide the manager and policy maker with a more informative diagnostic tool to understand and deal with bribery activities locally and globally.