Browsing by Subject "Bose-Einstein condensation."
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Item Open Access Entanglement : quantification via uncertainties and search among ultracold bosons in optical lattices(2009) Öztop, BarışIn the first part of the Thesis, the known measures of entanglement for finite dimensional systems are reviewed. Both the simplest case of pure states that belong to bipartite systems and more general case of mixed states are discussed. The multipartite extensions are also mentioned. In addition to the already existing ones, we propose a new measure of entanglement for pure states of bipartite systems. It is based on the dynamical symmetry group approach to quantum systems. The new measure is given in terms of the total uncertainty of basic observables for the corresponding state. Unlike conventional measures concurrence and 3-tangle, which measure the amount of entanglement of different groups of correlated parties, our measure gives the total amount of multipartite entanglement in a specific state. In the second part of the Thesis, the trapping of bosonic atoms in optical lattices is reviewed. The band structure together with Bloch functions and Wannier basis are discussed for this system. In relation with that, the corresponding Bose-Hubbard model and by the use of this model, the resulting superfluid to Mott-insulator quantum phase transition is summarized. In this regard, the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian of a specific system, namely ultracold spin-1 atoms with coupled ground states in an optical lattice is considered. For this system we examine particle entanglement, that is characterized by pseudo-spin squeezing both for the superfluid and Mott-insulator phases in the case of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. The role of a small but nonzero angle between the polarization vectors of counterpropagating lasers forming the optical lattice on quantum correlations is investigated as well.Item Open Access Rotating two leg Bose Hubbard ladder(2009) Keleş, AhmetWe analyze two leg Bose Hubbard model under uniform magnetic field within various methods. Before studying the model, we discuss the background on rotating Bose Einstein condensates, Bose Hubbard model and superfluid Mott insulator transition. We give a general overview of Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) theory and show some of the applications. Introducing two leg system Hamiltonian, we solve the single particle problem and find distinct structures above and belove a critical magnetic field αc = 0.21π. Above this value of the field, it is found that system has travelling wave solutions. To see the effects of interactions, we use Gross Pitaevskii approximation. Spectrum of the system below the critical field and the change of αc with the interaction strength are obtained for small interactions, i.e Un/t < 1. To specify Mott insulator boundary, variational mean field theory and strong coupling perturbation (SCP) theories are used. The travelling wave solutions found in single particle spectrum above αc is found to be persistent in mean field description. On the other hand, comparing with the strong coupling expansion results, it has been found that the mean field theory gives poor results, because of the one dimensional structure of the system. The change of the tip of the lobe where BKT transition takes place is found as a function of magnetic field by SCP. Finally we use DMRG to obtain the exact shape of the phase diagram. It is found that second order strong coupling perturbation theory gives very good results. System is found to display reenterant phase to Mott insulator. Looking at the infinite onsite interaction limit via DMRG, the critical value of the magnetic field is found to be exactly equal to the single particle solution. We have calculated the particle-hole gap for various fillings and different magnetic fields and found Fractional Quantum Hall like behaviors.Item Open Access Strongly interacting one-dimensional Bose condensates(2000) Erkan, KamilRecent observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute alkali gzises led to a great interest in this area both experimentally and theoretically. The most important characteristics of a Bose-Einstein condensate is that it consists of a large number of atoms occupying a single quantum state. This kind of a feature seen in photons led to the production of widely-used photon lasers. Coherent state of atoms may lead to the production of atom lasers in near future. The well-known Bogoliubov model to explain the nature of Bose-Einstein condensates of trapped dilute gases is valid when the interaction between particles is weak. However, as the number of atoms is increased, the interaction effects lead to a significant contribution in the system. Several attempts were made to improve the Bogoliubov model and to explain strongly interacting systems but these treatments are accurate up to a finite strength of the coupling . One-dimensional Bose systems is important because exact solution of the homogenous problem exists. Also it is a good testing ground to study interaction effects since only two-body interactions play role in these systems. Furthermore, experimental realization of one-dimensional systems are attracting a great deal of interest into the present problem. We investigate a somewhat different method to study the properties of strongly coupled Bose condensates in one-dimensional space. It uses the socalled Kohn-Sham theory to solve the problem by considering the exact solution of the homogenous one-dimensional Bose gas. The new approach reveals that interactions are expressed by a ■0^ term in the strongly coupled regime in contrast to a 0^ term in weak coupling regime. The model is applied to several types of trap potentials by performing a numerical minimization. We also improve the model for the case of a finite temperature. We observe that the system has a non-zero critical temperature which suggests a real phase transition in onedimensional space. In the last part, we work on the stability of a two-component condensate in a harmonic trap potential. We find that for a wide range of system parameters either a coexisting or a phase-segregated mixture can be obtained.Item Open Access A variational approech to stationary and rotating Bose-Einstein condensates(2006) Keçeli, MuratAfter the experimental demonstration of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in alkali gases [6, 7, 18], the number of theoretical and experimental papers on ultracold atomic physics increased enormously [48]. BEC experiments provide a way to manipulate quantum many-body systems, and measure their properties precisely. Although the theory of BEC is simpler compared to other many-body systems due to strong correlation, a fully analytical treatment is generally not possible. Therefore, variational methods, which give approximate analytical solutions, are widely used. With this motivation, in this thesis we study on BEC in stationary and rotating regimes using variational methods. All the atoms in the condensate can be described with a single wave function, and in the dilute regime this wave function satisfies a single nonlinear equation (the Gross-Pitaevskii equation) which resembles the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation in nonlinear optics. A simple analytical ansatz, which has been used to describe the intensity profile of the similariton laser [41, 43] having a similar behavior in the limiting cases of nonlinearity with ground state density profile of BECs, is used as the trial wave function to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with variational principle for a wide range of the interaction parameter. The simple form of the ansatz allowed us to modify it for both cylindrically symmetric and completely anisotropic harmonic traps. The resulting ground state wave function and energy are in very good agreement with the analytical solutions in the limiting cases of interaction and numerical solutions for the intermediate regime. In the second part, we consider a rapidly rotating two-component BoseEinstein condensate containing a vortex lattice. We calculate the dispersion relation for small oscillations of vortex positions (Tkachenko modes) in the mean-field quantum Hall regime, taking into account the coupling of these modes with density excitations. Using an analytic form for the density of the vortex lattice, we numerically calculate the elastic constants for different lattice geometries. We also apply this method to the calculation the elastic constant for the single-component triangular lattice. For a two-component BEC, there are two kinds of Tkachenko modes, which we call acoustic and optical in analogy with phonons. For all lattice types, acoustic Tkachenko mode frequencies have quadratic wave-number dependence at long-wavelengths, while the optical Tkachenko modes have linear dependence. For triangular lattices the dispersion of the Tkachenko modes are isotropic, while for other lattice types the dispersion relations show directional dependence consistent with the symmetry of the lattice. Depending on the intercomponent interaction there are five distinct lattice types, and four structural phase transitions between them. Two of these transitions are second-order and are accompanied by the softening of an acoustic Tkachenko mode. The remaining two transitions are first-order and while one of them is accompanied by the softening of an optical mode, the other does not have any dramatic effect on the Tkachenko spectrum. We also find an instability of the vortex lattice when the intercomponent repulsion becomes stronger than the repulsion within the components.