Browsing by Subject "Banking"

Now showing 1 - 18 of 18

Open Access
Banking activities and local output growth: does distance from centre matter?
(Routledge, 2008) Özyildirim, S.; Önder, Z.
Banking activities and local output growth: does distance from centre matter? Regional Studies. In this paper the relation between local banking activities and local output growth is empirically studied in Turkey during the period 1991-2000. Although there is no legal restriction against regional banking, the banking sector is spatially concentrated in Turkey. In this institutional structure, the distance between headquarters and the local branches is argued to affect the role of financial intermediation in the development of provincial prosperity. Empirical findings suggest that banking activities have a significant positive impact on the per capita local output growth of regions, especially on those that are distant from the financial centre. However, when bank loans are adjusted to the size of the local economy (provincial gross domestic product, GDP), the relation between banking activities and the output per capita is found to be negative, suggesting that these loans are used to finance unprofitable and unproductive projects in distant provinces.
Open Access
Between stumbling and fall towards insolvency : the endeavors of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century
(2007) Karademir, Ekrem
This thesis, at first, intended to analyze one aspect of the 19th century Ottoman economic history, particularly the possible impact of the 1873 Panic in Vienna, which is addressed as the first global financial crisis, on Ottoman insolvency in 1875. However, research on the reasons of the insolvency revealed more complex relations and deep-rooted problems. In this thesis, firstly the reasons of financial disorder in the Ottoman Empire and road to foreign loans are explained. Later on, efforts of the Ottomans in order to overcome financial problems and their attempts for establishing banks and industrialization are analyzed. Afterwards, the reasons for the Ottomans’ tardiness to establish banks and to construct railways despite the encouraging environment in the post-Crimean War period and the impacts of this delay are discussed. Besides, emergence of Vienna as a financial center beginning from the 1860s and its repercussions on the Ottoman economy are analyzed. Moreover, reasons for extensive foreign borrowings and attempts for railway constructions which were realized by the Ottomans beginning from the second half of the 1860s are explicated. Lastly, the impacts of 1873 Panic on stunning railway investments and the Ottoman insolvency are discussed. In the whole study, the interactions among actors and the changes in their roles throughout the period are taken into account.
Open Access
Breaking the bank: effects of domestic conflict on the banking sector in Turkey
(Routledge, 2023-10-02) Arı, Emine; Bayer, Reşat; Kemahlıoğlu, Özge
Although banks occupy a central role in most (post-)conflict situations, there is a perplexing lack of attention to them in studies of political violence. As a case experiencing domestic conflict with varying degrees in the last decades, Turkey offers opportunities to understand how the banking sector, including state deposit banks, responds to such political violence. We focus on the short-term impact of political violence and address the following questions: Do all actors in the sector respond in similar ways to security threats? Is there variation according to conflict intensity? We shed light on these puzzles with an analysis of original data on bank ownership, bank branches, bank deposit amounts, and bank credits. We show that banks with profit incentives respond to conflict by lowering their presence in provinces hit by these attacks. In comparison, our finding that deposits in high conflict intensity areas are not affected suggests that it is indeed economic actors outside high intensity regions that are more sensitive to short-time changes in security compared to local ones. Overall, the results demonstrate that political violence hurts banks’ presence in conflict locations and their presence matters through credit provision to these areas.
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Daktilodan İşçep’e: İş Bankası’nda teknolojik dönüşüm (1980-2000)
(Bilkent University, 2021) Kaş, Burak Sezer; Ergincan, Efe; Erdoğan, Gönül; Döşlüoğlu, Nil; Erdoğan, Ahu
Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk ulusal bankası olan Türkiye İş Bankası, teknolojik uygulamaları kullanan ve geliştiren ilk bankalardan biri olmuştur. Bu araştırmada teknolojik dönüşüm yılları başlığı altında 1980-2000 yılları arası İş Bankası’ndaki teknolojik gelişmeler, teknolojik dönüşüm sırasında İş Bankası şubeleri ve çalışanları ve müşterilerin gözünden teknolojik dönüşüm süreci ele alınarak teknolojik yeniliklere hem çalışanların hem de müşterilerin tepkileri ve adaptasyonu işlenmiştir. Araştırmanın teknolojik dönüşümün yarattığı etkiler bölümünde teknolojinin çalışanlar, müşteriler ve finansal verimlilik üzerindeki etkisi detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Son olarak İş Bankası’nda teknolojik dönüşümün sonuçları üzerinde durulmuş; dijitalleşmenin bankanın güvenlik faktörüne etkisi, dijitalleşmenin günümüzdeki durumu ve İş Bankası’nda gelecek bankacılığı ele alınmıştır.
Open Access
Essays on market discipline in emerging markets
(2007) Ungan, Ayşe Ece
In the aftermath of major crises, most emerging markets improved their banking industries according to Basel-II requirements, which emphasize the role of market discipline, supervision and capital adequacy in controlling risk-taking by banks. After the 1998 crisis in the Russian Federation and the 2001 crisis in Turkey, Central Bank of Russia and Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency of Turkey restructured and consolidated the banking industries in both of the countries. In the restructured banking environment, market discipline could be used as a complementary mechanism for improved supervision of banking systems. First two essays of this thesis elaborate on depositor discipline in the Russian Federation and Turkey. Findings provide evidence that in the Russian Federation, depositors allocate funds in well-capitalized and liquid banks. Similarly after the crisis, depositors in Turkey prefer well-capitalized banks that have favorable asset quality. Although banks in Turkey operate more efficiently, due to excessive guarantees, depositors do not monitor banks’ risk taking behavior particularly before restructuring. In the third essay, the role of different types of shareholders in disciplining listed banks in Turkey is studied. While diversified shareholders are interested in profitability, owner-managers are concerned with capital adequacy, liquidity and efficiency of the banks. In addition, owner-managers are found to have some influence on bank management to reduce risk-taking. In particular, small banks take measures to increase the capital ratio while decreasing non-performing loans as a result of an increase in shareholders’ asset risk assessments.
Open Access
Foreign banks, financial crises and macroeconomic fluctuations
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2016) Önder, Z.; Özyıldırım, S.
Understanding the implications of increased foreign bank presence is especially compelling in periods of financial crisis. In this paper, we explore this issue by examining the relationship between the involvement of foreign banks in the banking systems and the volatility of key macroeconomic variables in normal and crisis periods. Using a sample of 20 Emerging European countries from 1998 to 2013, we find that an increase in the assets of foreign banks in the banking system reduces output and consumption growth volatility in general but does not significantly affect the volatility of investments. However, these banks were found to play a significant role in increasing output, consumption and investment volatility in 2009. Our findings suggest that foreign banks’ harmful impact during the global crisis was only temporary and that they seem to help Emerging European countries stabilize macroeconomic volatility in normal times and after the global crisis.
Open Access
Foreign banks: executive jobs for Turkish women?
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2007) Culpan, O.; Marzotto, T.; Demir, N.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the employment policies and practices of Turkish banks and how these practices affect the hiring and promotion of women. Turkey's banking sector consists of state-owned, private, and foreign banks. The overall restructuring of this sector along with the increase of foreign banks is an opportunity to enquire whether human resource (HR) policies of foreign banks have a differential effect on women's employment. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected in three phases. Phase 1: employment data for all three bank types were analyzed with particular reference to women's employment. About 12 of the largest banks were selected for in-depth study representing each of the three bank categories. Phase 2: bank-specific data were collected from the HR directors including: bank structure, personnel and recruitment policies, management levels, women in each level and professional employment application. Phase 3: structured personal interviews were conducted with the HR directors in the 12 selected banks. Findings - The HR departments of foreign banks use different assessment and selection criteria compared with Turkish private and state-owned banks. These criteria emphasize rank-in-person, which enhances the upward mobility of employees. Because of their flexibility, they may advantage female employment. Research limitations/implications - Survey data from female employees by type of bank would demonstrate a close relationship between organizational structure and women's career advancement. However, this study only interviewed HR managers. The methodology does not indicate whether and to what extent women in three banking types perceive the effect of structure on their career advancement. Practical implications - HR practices of the three categories evidences that foreign banks in Turkey add a variety of competencies of their prospective employees in their application forms. These additional dimensions may improve the recruitment and promotion of women into management positions. It is argued that employment applications that include individual or rank-in-person characteristics rather than job-based criteria advantage women. Originality/value - This is the only study that examines women's employment stratified by Turkey's three banking categories. The effect of culture and structure on employment practices and how this influences the mobility of women are explored.
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HSBC Türkiye’nin tarihi
(Bilkent University, 2021) Bistren, Mehmet Kaan; Öztaş, Bora; Yılmaz, Taha; Takım, Muhammet Onur
HSBC, 1990 yılında Türkiye’de Midland Bank ismiyle faaliyetlerine başladı. Türkiye’de yatırım yapan ilk İngiliz bankası olmasıyla birlikte Türkiye’deki ilk yabancı sermayeli bankalardan da biridir. HSBC Türkiye’de kurulduğu tarihten itibaren Türk bankacılık sektörünün dışa açılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Buna ek olarak Demir Bank’ı satın alması, elde ettiği çeşitli başarılar, kazandığı ödüller ve 2003’teki bombalı saldırı ile medyada birçok kez gündeme geldi. Bu makale HSBC’nin Türkiye’ye giriş yaptığı dönemdeki Türk bankacılığıyla birlikte HSBC Türkiye’nin önemli faaliyetlerinin tarihini inceleyecek ve HSBC’nin hangi alanlarda farklı bir banka olduğunu açıklayacaktır.
Open Access
The impact of non-pricing strategies on the financial intermediary role of Turkish banks
(2010) Kara, Mahmut
This thesis aims to explore the effects of the availability of network branches on the intermediation performance of deposit banks in Turkey. Banks’ intermediation performance was measured by their ability to attract loans and deposits. The variations of non-pricing behavior among large scaled versus small scaled banks and public versus private banks were also analyzed. Panel generalized method of moment was used with quarterly panel data between the years 2003 and 2008. Empirical findings reveal that there exist a positive and significant relationship between all deposit banks’ intermediation performance and their branch network decisions. Results also confirmed that by having larger branch networks especially for large scaled, small scaled and private deposit banks significantly increase their deposits ans loans during the sample period. However, we couldn’t find any association between the financial intermediation performance and branch network size of the public banks. Overall, the findings suggest that branch network decisions play a critical role for deposit banks’ performance. Considering recent competition among banks in Turkey, we expect that branching strategies and other nonpricing strategies of the banks will matter more in the future.
Open Access
Intermediation spread, bank supervision, and financial stability
(World Scientific Publishing, 2010) Özyıldırım, Süheyla
This paper models the effect of bank competition and deposit insurance premiums on the spread between lending and deposit rates. In developing economies, low spreads do not always indicate bank efficiency; they may be the result of high risk taking. This paper shows that imposing upper and lower limits on banks' spreads and adjusting deposit insurance premiums when violation of these limits occurs leads to a more stable but relatively large intermediation costs. In developing economies, such an outcome would be considered more desirable because it insulates existing financial intermediaries and investors against macroeconomic disturbances.
Open Access
Market reaction to risky banks: did generous deposit guarantee change it?
(Pergamon Press, 2008) Önder, Z.; Özyildirim, S.
Turkey experienced a massive banking crisis in February 2001, resulting in the loss of more than a thousand managerial jobs and the closure of 21% of all bank branches in the market. In this paper, we study the behavior of the market and the banks in Turkey before the crisis, from 1988 to 2000, which includes the period of full deposit insurance. The empirical results showed that not only depositors but also borrowers reacted negatively to risky banks and punished them even more during the period of generous government guarantee. However, in the same period, banks were found to increase their moral hazard behavior significantly. Although the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank recommend explicit deposit insurance for developing countries, the findings of this paper suggest that deposit insurance may not be an effective policy tool to improve market confidence, and it does not guarantee a stable economic environment even when the market reacts negatively to the moral hazard behavior of banks.
Open Access
The missing link between inflation uncertainty and interest rates
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005) Berument, Hakan; Kilinc, Z.; Ozlale, U.
In the literature, there is no consensus about the direction of the effects of inflation uncertainty on interest rates. This paper states that such a result may stem from differentiation in the sources of the uncertainties and analyzes the effects of different types of inflation uncertainties on a set of interest rates for the UK within an interest rate rule framework. Three types of inflation uncertainties - impulse uncertainty, structural uncertainty and steady-state uncertainty - are derived by using a time-varying parameter model with a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity specification. It is shown that the impulse uncertainty is positively and the structural uncertainty is negatively correlated with the interest rates. Moreover, these two uncertainties are important to explain short-term interest rates for the period of inflation targeting era. However, this time, the impulse uncertainty is negatively and the structural uncertainty is positively correlated with the overnight interbank interest rates, which is consistent with the general characteristic of the inflation targeting regimes. Lastly, the evidence concerning the effect of the steady-state inflation uncertainty on interest rates is not conclusive. © Scottish Economic Society 2005.
Open Access
Political connection, bank credits and growth: evidence from Turkey
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011) Onder, Z.; Ozyildirim, S.
The pervasive existence of government-owned banks in emerging economies is often justified by their provision of access to credit in remote and underdeveloped regions that are ignored by private banks. This paper analyses whether credits provided by government-owned and private banks have a significant role in regional growth and whether this role changes in politically connected areas in Turkey. Our findings imply that private banks significantly improve the economic well-being in all Turkish provinces regardless of their development level or their political connection with the ruling party. However, credits by government-owned banks are found to be positively related to the per capita growth rate only in the less developed provinces that are advocates of the ruling political party and also developed but not politically connected provinces. These results suggest that government-owned bank credits, as implied by the political view, are used for funding politically desirable projects or politically connected borrowers.
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Service quality in a commercial bank - a case study
(1995) Genç, Pelin
In tlie service sector, in tlie environments where tlie rivalry is very intense and the pioclucts are similar, in order for a firm to have a strong position in the sector with respect to its competitors, delivering quality service should be its distinctive competence. In this study, a real life example from banking sector, Interbank is analyzed. I’hc study aims at demonstrating the importance of delivering quality service for a firm to succeed in a competitive environment. Gaps that obstruct delivering service quality and the causes of those gaps arc investigated, and suggestions to eliminate them are made.
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The technical inefficiency effects of Turkish banks after financial liberalization
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005) Demir, N.; Mahmud, S. F.; Babuscu, S.
The banking sector in Turkey has grown significantly over the last two decades of financial liberalization. One of the aims of the financial liberalization was to improve efficiency through restructuring programs including the privatization of state banks and the encouragement of mergers. In this paper we identify key factors determining the technical efficiency differentials among Turkish commercial banks in the pre-and post-liberalization periods, using the technical inefficiency effects model. We found that loan quality, size, ownership of the banks, and profitability have a positive and significant impact on the technical efficiencies of banks. The results warrant implementation of effective regulatory measures to improve the quality of the earning assets of commercial banks. Furthermore, steps by the government to encourage acquisitions or mergers for private banks and the privatization of state-owned banks seem to be consistent in improving the overall efficiency of commercial banking in Turkey.
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Vakıfbank’ın kuruluşu, gelişimi ve Türkiye ekonomisine olan katkısı
(Bilkent University, 2020) Usta, Ahmet Hakan; İyiekici, Atahan; Şahin, Can Başer; Serçe, Mustafa Buğra; Ünal, Oğulcan
Vakıfbank, 11 Ocak 1954 tarihinde 6219 sayılı özel kanun ve Adnan Menderes’in özel talimatı dahilinde 50.000.000 TL sermaye ile anonim ortaklık olarak kuruldu. Vakıfbank kuruluş tarihinden itibaren; reel sektörün yanında olmakla beraber bireysel anlamda da vatandaşın maddi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamış, birçok sosyal sorumluluk projesinde yer almış ve 1986 yılından beri voleybol sporunda dünya çapında büyük gelişmeler kaydetmiştir. Günümüzde Vakıfbank’ın sunduğu çağdaş bankacılık ve ürün hizmetleri, kurumsal, ticari, tarım ve yerel yönetim bankacılığının yanı sıra bireysel ve özel bankacılık alanlarını da kapsamaktadır.
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Yönetim kurulu üyelerinin şirketler hukuku açısından rekabet ihlallerinden dolayı hukuki sorumluluğu
(Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Araştırma Enstitüsü, 2009) Pınar, Hamdi
Rekabet ihlallerinde yüksek miktarda para cezalar ödenmesi, beraberinde şirket yöneticilerinin sorumluluğunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Öğretide ağırlıkta olan görüş, şirket yöneticilerinin, bu para cezalarından şartların varlığı halinde, şirketler hukuku kapsamında sorumlu oldukları yönündedir. Yönetim kurulunun Rekabet Kanununa uyma zorunlulugu hem TTK m. 336/b.5 hem de TTK m. 320 gereğince ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özen yükümlülüğü ihlal edilmedigi sürece, yönetim kurulu üyeleri bundan sorumlu degilken, ihlal edildiginde ise ortaya çıkan zarardan sorumlu olacaklardır. Şirket yöneticilerinin sorumlulugunu kaldıran işadamı kararı (business judgment rule), şirkete sadakat yükümlülüğünün (Treupflicht), kanunun, esas sözleşmenin veya genel kurul kararının ihlalinin söz konusu oldugu durumlarda, serbest hareket edilebilecek bir alan bulunmadıgından uygulama alanı bulmaz. Görevlerini gereği gibi yerine getirmeyerek şirketi zarara uğratan yöneticilere rücu edilmesi, iktisadi hayatın Magna Charta'sı olarak gösterilen rekabet hukuku kurallarına riayeti en üst seviyeye çıkararak piyasadaki dürüst rekabet düzeninin bozulmamasını sağlayacaktır.
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Ziraat Bankası Müzesi
(Bilkent University, 2018) Yılmaz, Hatice Melis; Gül, Gamze; Dönmez, Fatma Özge; Karalök, Yaren; Baskın, Ece
Ziraat Bankası, çiftçilere destek vermek amacıyla 19. Yüzyılda Memleket Sandıkları bünyesinde kuruldu. Daha sonraki tarihsel süreçte Memleket Sandıkları Menafi Sandıklarına dönüştürüldü ve Ziraat Bankası bugünkü halini aldı. Ziraat Bankası genel müdürlük binası, 1926 ve 1929 yılları arasında Ulus’ta inşa edildi. Bina, İtalyan mimar Giulio Mongeri tarafından Türk mimari unsurları esas alınarak tasarlandı. İnşası sırasında Türk Macar ve İtalyan taş ustaları görev aldı. Ziraat Bankası Bankacılık Müzesi, Ziraat Bankası’nın kuruluşunun 118. yılının kutlandığı 20 Kasım 1981 tarihinde genel müdürlük binası içerisinde hizmet vermeye başladı ve açılışı dönemin Danışma Meclisi Başkanı Sadi Irmak tarafından yapıldı. Bu araştırma yapılırken müzenin açılış töreninde bulunduğu için Sadi Irmak’ın hayatı araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde kaynak olarak kızı Yakut Irmak özden’den bilgi alınmıştır. Bankacılık Müzesi, Memleket Sandıkları’nın Ziraat Bankası halini alana kadarki süreçte kullanılan bankacılık ile ilgili eşyaları ve çeşitli ressamlara ait tabloları bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Müzenin içerisindeki eserlerle ilgili bilgi almak için Ulus’taki Ziraat Bankası genel müdürlük binasında Basın Etkinlik ve İç İletişim Yetkilisi olarak görev yapan Aysel Yazgı ile iletişime geçilmiştir. Ziraat Bankası Bankacılık Müzesi Türkiye’nin ilk ve tek bankacılık müzesidir.