Browsing by Subject "Balkans"

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1950-1960 yılları arasında İzmir’e yapılan Balkan Göçleri: Türk-Balkan insanının karşılıklı imgesel bakış açısının gelişimi
(Bilkent University, 2023) Özin, Deniz; Yiğit, Murathan Kamil; Bozkurt, Sezer; Yalım, Başak; Arslan, Damla
1950 ve 1960'lı yıllarda gerçekleşen Balkan göçleri, Türkiye’de, etkileri günümüze kadar gelen derin izler bırakmıştır. Gelen göçmenler Türkiye’nin kültürel zenginliğini artırsa da ilk yıllarda Türkiye’de hoş karşılanmamış ve ülkeye uyum sağlamakta zorluk yaşamıştır. Dönemin siyasi politikaları sayesinde Yugoslavya'dan gelen göçmenler ve Türk halkı arasındaki çatışmalar olabildiğince azaltılmış, halkların birbirine bakış açıları da olumlu yönde değişmiştir. Bu araştırma makalesi göçlerin başladığı yıldan günümüze uzanan süreçte, Türk ve Balkan insanının karşılıklı imgesel bakış açılarının dönüşümünü daha yakından incelemeye olanak sağlayacaktır.
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1992 Bosna göçmeni İzzet Sancaklı ve ailesinin göç hikayesi
(Bilkent University, 2023) Demirsoy, Feride; Köroğlu, Kürşat; Öztürk, Abdullah Melih; Sıramkaya, Ayşe; Özkaya, Zeynep Ece
Yugoslavya’nın dağılma süreciyle beraber kendi özgürlüklerini kazanmak isteyen Bosna- Hersek halkının bağımsızlığını kazanmasının karşında Türkiye Bosna’ya karşı her zaman olumlu bir tutumla yaklaşmış ve kendi politikalarını da bu tutuma göre oluşturmuştur. Savaş Dayton Antlaşması ile başka bir devlet kurularak son bulmuştur. Savaş sırasında ve sonrasında ortak kültür, tarih ve dine sahip olan Türkiye’nin Bosna-Hersek’e yaptığı maddi ve manevi her destek iki ülke arasında dostluk oratmı oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Türkiye’nin bu tutumlarından dolayı da İzzet Sancaklı Türkiye’ye göç etti. Başlarda dil bilmemesinden kaynaklı zorlanmış olsa da Türkiye’nin hoşgürü ve misavirperverliğinden çok etkilenerek hayatının geri kalanını Türkiye’de geçirmeye karar verdi.
Open Access
An early monetization?: tracing the mukâta‘a system back to the reign of Mehmed II
(2024-06) Taşpınar, Furkan
This thesis examines the extent of monetization of the Ottoman economy during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. At the core of the research lies the mukâta‘a system since it served as the primary mechanism for providing cash flow into the Ottoman treasury and, therefore, it was a key indicator of monetization. The archival data used in the thesis demonstrate that the mukâta‘a system, along with tax farming, was empire-wide established and functional in receiving revenue from many production sectors and tax items such as mining, rice plantation, salt marsh, sheep tax, poll tax, market tax, and more during this period. These data also reveal the high amount of precious metals in circulation in the Ottoman market throughout the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Thus, the thesis argues that the Ottoman economy monetized in certain sectors a century earlier than current scholarship suggests. Furthermore, the thesis also argues that the capital accumulation resulting from this monetization might be mainly limited to the Ottoman central treasury, and tax farmers might not be capable of accumulating capital due to the strict bureaucratic control and sanctions imposed by the Ottoman central administration during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. To understand this relationship between the state and tax farmers, the thesis also examines the roles of central and local imperial agents within the mukâta‘a system alongside the identities and social networks of the tax farmers.
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Bocuk gecesi ritüelleri: Avrupa etkisinde gelişen motiflerin coğrafi ve kültürel bağlamda gerçekleşen değişimleri
(Bilkent University, 2021) Mutluoğlu, Ahmet Safa; İlhan, Ceren; Yıldırım, Ilgın; Çelik, İrem Nur; Gerdan, Okan
14. yüzyılda Osmanlı’nın Balkanlar’ı fethetmesiyle başlayan göçün bir sonucu olarak Doğu Trakya bölgesine Türk nüfusu yerleşmiştir. Bölgenin kozmopolit yapısından dolayı gerçekleşen kültür alışverişi ile bağlantılı olarak Bocuk Gecesi ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonrasında Bocuk Gecesi Doğu Trakya’daki kültürün, coğrafi özelliklerin ve ilerleyen zamana bağlı gerçekleşen olayların sonucu olarak değişime uğramıştır. 21. yüzyılda ise Bocuk Gecesi, popüler kültür öğelerini de kapsar hâle gelmiştir.
Open Access
The contours of post-Cold War Turkish-American relations, (1990-2001)
(2004) Tekdemir, Sevinç
The nature of post-Cold War decade Turkish-American relations has largely been determined by the new strategic circumstances that also have stared to frame world politics. In this decade, new challenges and opportunities brought together new areas of cooperation for the U.S. and Turkey by strengthening their alliance within NATO. Hence, the mutual importance attributed to the relationship has flourished as a result of the essentiality of their alliance. Neither the U.S. nor Turkey could afford to lose a significant ally with whom they share common interests in the region. Furthermore, it could be argued that these allies will need each other in the future to realize their foreign policy objectives concerning the relations with the neighboring countries. Thus, the simpler approach to the thesis is analyzing the exogenous and indigenous factors that affect the character of Turkish-American relations in the post-Cold War era.
Open Access
Demographic engineering : Bulgarian migrations from the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the nineteenth century
(2015-09) Baş, Ahmet İlker
This thesis focuses on the Bulgarian immigrations to Russia and return of many of them to the Ottoman Empire in 19th century. The stimuli which drag them to the lands far away from home, and reasons which draw them to Rumelia back again are the subject of this thesis. Through this research, it is intended to shed light on a subject which is well-known as a phenomenon by historians, yet not researched as an historical event with its reasons and results, thus becomes a tool of nationalist discourse.
Open Access
Demography and settlement in Paşa Sancağı Sol-Kol Region according to Muhasebe-i Vilayet-i Rumeli Defteri dated 1530
(2006) Yeni, Harun
The thesis analyzes democraphic and settlement features of Paşa Sancağı Sol-Kol region, which covers the ancient Via Egnatia route, mainly in accordance with Muhasebe-i Vilayet-i Rumeli Defteri dated 1530 numbered 167. For the purpose of founding a basis for the explanation of the demographic and settlement structure, the geographical and climatic conditions of the region and the nomadic type of living are told. Using some of the fiscal surveys (tahrirs) of the region from the fifteenth century, the demographic conditions and the Turkish settlement in the region is revealed including other elements of settlement process together with the nomadic people (Yörüks). The administrative structure of the Sol-Kol is mentioned to be able to observe a general picture. Then, the demographic situation and the yörük preence in the region in the sixteenth century are evaluated.
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The development of railways in the late Ottoman Era
(Bilkent University, 2020) Khan, Amnah Ejaz; Muradov, Argun; Aliyev, Amir; Aliyev, Oruj; Dar, Yasir Amin
Sultan Abdülmecîd initiated the railway project in the Ottoman Empire with the hope that it would bring back the economic and political glory the Empire had once known. This paper explores the wide-ranging political and social consequences of this decision, and the unfolding progress and development of the railways. It examines foreign influences, economic difficulties, political pressures, and rebellions in the Balkans, all of which exerted their own unique pressures on the Ottoman Empire and this project, leaving behind imprints that can be observed to this day. The legacy of the railway project hung heavy on the newly created Republic of Turkey but has since become an asset to the country.
Open Access
The effects of transition and political instability on foreign direct investment inflows: Central Europe and the Balkans
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006) Brada, J. C.; Kutan, A. M.; Yigit, T. M.
This paper examines the effects of transition and of political instability on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the transition economies of Central Europe, the Baltics and the Balkans. We find that FDI flows to transition economies unaffected by conflict and political instability exceed those that would be expected for comparable West European countries. Success with stabilization and reform increased the volume of FDI inflows. In the case of Balkan counties, conflict and instability reduced FDI inflows below what one would expect for comparable West European countries, and reform and stabilization failures further reduced FDI to the region. Thus, we find that the economic costs of instability in the Balkans in terms of foregone FDI have been quite high. © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
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Enver Ziya Karal biyografisi
(Bilkent University, 2020) Berber, Ezgi Bilge; Canik, Burhan Güçhan; Doğan, Beril; Karayol, Sultan Başak; Kazancı, Hazal
Balkan coğrafyasının en hararetli yıllarında dünyaya gelen Enver Ziya Karal'ın yaşam öyküsü bir makale bütünlüğü içerisinde okuyucuların bilgisine sunulmaktadır. Enver Ziya Karal'ın doğduğu ortamdan gençlik yıllarına, idari görevlerinden akademik çalışmalarına kadar pek çok hususa çalışmamızda yer verilmektedir.
Open Access
Heirs of Chinghis Khan in the Age of Revolutions: An Unruly Crimean Prince in the Ottoman Empire and beyond
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017) Kırımlı, H.; Yaycıoǧlu, A.
Focusing on Cengiz Mehmed Geray, an idiosyncratic member of the ruling house of the Crimean Khanate, this article examines how a Crimean Prince became an active participant in the stormy politics of the Ottoman Empire and later of Europe, as a result of his distinguished Chinghisid pedigree, in the age of revolutions. The first section of this article discusses the place of the Geray and Chinghisid lineage within Ottoman imperial politics. The second section focuses on the period following the Gerays' departure from Crimea. It illustrates how members of the family, although scattered throughout the Balkans, operated in the provincial and imperial politics of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The following section introduces Cengiz Geray and his turbulent life between the Ottoman and Russian Empires, and discusses how he became an actor in a revolutionary age. The last section is a short discussion on Chinghisid charisma in the early modern Europe, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. © 2017 De Gruyter.
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Lozan Barış Antlaşması’na göre Türk-Yunan nüfus mübadelesinin Akan ailesinin üzerinde bıraktığı tesirler
(Bilkent University, 2024) Sayan, Firdevs; Candemir, Bahar; Akan, Ayça; Erhan, Nazlı Yağmur; Uz, Alihan
Anadolu ve Balkan coğrafyaları arasındaki göç ilişkileri, Osmanlı Devleti öncesine dayanmakla birlikte en yoğun göç Osmanlı Devleti döneminde yaşanmıştır. Anadolu’dan Balkanlara göçen Türkler, yaklaşık 600 sene Balkanlarda yaşadı. Kurtuluş Savaşı sonrasında başlayan Lozan Antlaşması sürecinde, Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında mübadele konusu görüşüldü. Bu görüşmeler sonrası 1923 yılında imzalanan protokol ile, iki ülkenin toplam 1.5 milyon civarı vatandaşı mübadeleye tabi tutuldu. Bu durum mübadiller üzerinde sosyo-kültürel etkiler bırakırken iki ülkeyi de ekonomik ve siyasi açılardan da etkiledi. Mübadil ailelerden biri olan Akan ailesi, Denizli’nin Hisar mahallesine göç etti. Mübadil Mustafa Akan, göç sürecini anlattığı daktilo yazıları yazdı. Bu yazıyı dört bölüme ayırarak ilk üç bölümde önemli tarihi olayları açıklandı. Son bölümde ise Akan ailesinin göç sürecine yoğunlaşarak önemli tarihi olaylar ile bir göçmen ailesi arasında bağlantılar kuruldu.
Open Access
The military organization of the Akıncıs in Ottoman Rumelia
(2004) Kiprovska, Mariya
This study's primary objective is to shed light on the peculiarities of one military corps in the Ottoman army, particularly that of the akıncıs. Examining the first so far known akıncı defteri from the second half of the fifteenth century with all its peculiarities and putting it into the historical context of the time, this research stresses its importance. Moreover, taking a look on the preceding centuries of the Ottoman history, in which the raiders (akıncılar)and especially their military commanders played a great role in the Ottoman military advance on the Balkans, prominence is given to the possible breaking point in the organizational status of a defined body of the akıncı corps in the Ottoman army,which the defter from 1472 marks in this troop's existence. Thus the study attempts to examine the corps in its first formative stage when it became a distinctive body of the centralized Ottoman military forces. Therefore, an examination is made on the character of the first Ottoman advance into Balkan territories, when the traditions of the marches represented by the prominent akıncı leaders, was still playing a great role in the Ottoman military actions. The time of Mehmed the Conqueror and especially the register for the raiders' recruitment from the second half of the fifteenth century, come to illustrate the assimilation of the representatives of the frontier culture into the centralized structures of the growing Empire. The development of both-the corps itself and its commanders, has been examined. Consequently, the final aim of this study is to reveal the early stages of the akıncı corps in terms of organization.
Open Access
Ottoman serhad organization in the Balkans (1450s to early 1500s)
(2017-08) Baş, Göksel
This thesis analyses the Ottoman frontier organization in the Balkans from the second half of the fifteenth century to the early sixteenth centuries. Based mainly on the archival documents, Ottoman chronicles, and the secondary sources this thesis first shows that the Ottomans already had an established and comprehensive frontier policy, long before the conquest of the Hungarian Kingdom and the subsequent establishment of a new serhad against the Habsburg Empire. Then, it gives specific attention to the participation of Christian military groups (Voynuks, Martoloses, and Vlachs) and local subjects in the Ottoman defense organization in exchange for the reduction or exemption from certain taxes. Also, it deals with the hierarchical organization in the fortresses, the composition of the garrison troops and their services. Lastly, it concentrates on the Ottoman financing methods for the garrison troops and tries to reveal the cost of the Ottoman network of fortresses.
Open Access
The Pomaks: conversion to islam in the Western Rhodope mountains in the 15th century
(2019-06) Avcı, Dilara
In this thesis, the religious conversion process among the local population in the Western Rhodope, an area under the rule of the Ottoman Empire,is examined. The importance and location of the Rhodope during the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans is evaluated and compared with the conquests of Bosnia and Albania and the initiation of the Islamization process, where the conversion to Islam took place differently in each of these 3 regions. Although the Ottoman Empire did not directly conqueror exert effort for Islamization in the Western Rhodopian region, the Pomaks residing in the region in the 15th century began to become Muslims, where such transition is clearly evidenced in the tahrir defters used in this thesisdated 1445, 1464/65 and 1478/9. Through these three defters, it is possible to have an insight into the processof Islamization in the Pomak settlement units, thus invalidating the theories on forced Islamization.
Open Access
Religious and demographic development in the South-Western Rhodope Mountains in the second half of the fifteenth century : a case study of the Tahrir register of 1478
(2012) Chmiel, Agata Anna
The spread of Islam into non-Muslim territories has always followed their conquest by some expanding Islamic polity. Ottoman military expansion into the Balkans was followed by the establishment of a new administrative and Islamic institutional order. Yet not all areas in the Peninsula were affected equally by the expansion of this new Muslim power, let alone impacted in the same manner by the introduction of their religious beliefs. This thesis focuses on the religious developments following the conquest of the kaza of Drama, located in eastern Thrace, in accordance with the Tapu Tahrir Defteri 07, which covers the year of 1478. A case study of 25 villages from various geographic regions of the area, as well as the town of Drama, has been chosen in order to analyze the religious situation found in that year. Through a focus on the geographic, economic and local religious characteristic of the region, an analysis concerning the conversion process to Islam will be provided. The representative value of the villages chosen will provide explanations as to the role of colonizers, urban town-dwellers and yürüks. This in turn will present an analysis concerning the preliminary stages of conversion and the various elements that either halted or motivated the process of Islamization.
Open Access
Simit and simit sellers in the book of travels of Evliya Celebi
(2011) Dikkaya, F.
Even though the simit is one of the important elements in Turkish culinary culture, it is an important concept based on common sense and having to do with social relations. The historical transformation story of the simit from pure plain wheat to simid-i halka and to the current simit is explained through the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi and Narh Defters in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Evliya Çelebi wrote very important and detailed information about the Ottoman World in 17 th century. In the same way, he said that the simit was a part of Turkish social life for centuries. The story of the simit in the Ottoman world began with the end of 16 th century. The first simit named as "simid-i halka" was seen to be very big because its weight had increased to 135 dirhems. Therefore, Evliya Çelebi described it as "a cart wheel". Some simit types' weights decreased and were produced close to current type by the second half of 17 th century. But these were called only "simit" without "halka". Though the simit is thought to have originated in Istanbul because of its flavour made it expensive and such that it was consumed only in Istanbul, it is described in the Balkans in the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi also. Consequently, we can think that it originated from Istanbul and the Balkans. In this study, the birth and diversification of the simit in İstanbul and Balkan geographies will be examined through the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi.
Open Access
Tanzimat the Balkans : Midhat Pasha's governorship in the Danube Province (Tuna Vilayeti), 1864-1868
(2007) Çelik, Mehmet
This study aims at analyzing Midhat Pasha’s governorship in the Danube province between 1864 and 1868 within two dimensions: Midhat Pasha as an Ottoman governor symbolizing the Tanzimat ideology and modernization in the countryside; and the rise of the Bulgarian revolutionary movements supported by the Russian Pan-Slavist policies. For this purpose, focus is placed on Midhat Pasha’s reforms in this pilot region, which would be carried out as examples for the other provinces within the empire, and also his struggle against the national uprisings. The huge amount of relevant single documents in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives in Istanbul and the Ottoman archives in Sofia along with the provincial newspaper, (Tuna), the yearbooks of the province, and the memoirs of Pasha himself constitute the main source and bases of this thesis.
Open Access
The Lower Danube on the eve of the great crisis in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the eighteenth century (analysis of a contemporary source)
(2023-08) Gencer, Merve
This thesis examines life on the border within the context of the Ottoman Empire, focusing on the specific case of Wallachia. The central focus is the report of a commission established to investigate complaints arising from the position of Wallachia against central administration and the corruption and abuses of power by military-origin groups seeking to benefit from it. Primarily relying on archival sources such as commission reports, mühimme defters, and court records, and secondary sources, this study aims to provide alternative perspectives to existing interpretations. The investigations conducted demonstrate that such incidents were not unique to the 18th century, a period when the empire was relatively weaker, but extended back to the era of Suleyman, a time characterized by a strong central authority. This finding challenges the notion that the emergence of estates in the 18th century laid the foundation for decentralization.
Open Access
Turkey and the Balkans in the post-cold war era : diplomatic
(2009) Ekinci, Didem
This dissertation argues that as a region in which Turkey has been no stranger since the end of the 14th century, the Balkans poses political, military, and economic significance for Turkey. Turkey has strong historical ties with the Balkans; the region is a strategic link between Turkey and Europe; Ankara is concerned that the Turkish minority in the region remain integrated in their host countries; and there is also a remarkable amount of Balkan immigrants in Turkey who are influential on Ankara’s Balkan policies. Therefore, Turkey’s engagement in the regional developments intensified after 1990. However, the intensity of relations lost momentum after 1995 due to more pressing domestic and foreign policy issues, causing a lack of strong cooperation network between political, military and economic fields. In this framework, the main research questions in this dissertation will be based on finding under what circumstances Turkey’s political, diplomatic, economic and military relations towards the region have been formulated after 1990 and whether (and how) these policies displayed continuity or disruptions became possible throughout. It argues that well-worked policies towards the region can be achieved if political, diplomatic, economic and military relations are treated evenly.