Browsing by Subject "Acoustic waves"
Now showing 1 - 15 of 15
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Open Access Acoustic microscopy with mechanical scanning—A review(IEEE, 1979-08) Quate, C. F.; Atalar, Abdullah; Wickramasinghe, H. K.Acoustic waves in liquids are known to have wavelengths comparable to that of visible light if the frequency is in the gigahertz range. The phenomena of Brillouin scattering in liquids is based on such waves. In helium near 2 K acoustic waves with a wavelength of 2000 Å were studied some ten years ago at UCLA. It follows from these observations that an imaging system based on acoustic radiation with a resolving power competitive with the optical microscope is within reach if an ideal lens free from aberrations could be found. Such a lens, which was so elusive at the beginning, is now a simple device and it is the basic component in the acoustic microscope that forms the basis for this review. In this article we will establish the characteristic properties of this new instrument. We will review some of the simple properties of acoustic waves and show how a single spherical surface formed at a solid liquid interface can serve as this ideal lens free from aberrations and capable of producing diffraction limited beams. When this is incorporated into a mechanical scanning system and excited with acoustic frequencies in the microwave range images can be recorded with acoustic wavelengths equal to the wavelength of visible light. We will present images that show the elastic properties of specimens selected from the fields of material science, integrated circuits, and cell biology. The information content in these images will often exceed that of the optical micrographs. In the reflection mode we illuminate the smooth surface of a crystalline material with a highly convergent acoustic beam. The reflected field is perturbed in a unique way that is determined by the elastic properties of the reflecting surface and it shows up in the phase of the reflected acoustic field. There is a distinct and characteristic response at the output when the spacing between the object and the lens is varied. This behavior in the acoustic ieflection microscope provides a rather simple and direct means for monitoring the elastic parameters of a solid surface. It is easy to distinguish between different materials, to determine the layer thickness, and to display variations in the elastic constants on a microscopic scale. These features lead us to believe there is a promising future for the field of acoustic microscopy.Item Open Access Classification of closed-and open-shell pistachio nuts using voice-recognition technology(American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004) Çetin, A. Enis; Pearson, T. C.; Tewfik, A. H.An algorithm using speech recognition technology was developed to distinguish pistachio nuts with closed shells from those with open shells. It was observed that upon impact with a steel plate, nuts with closed shells emit different sounds than nuts with open shells. Features extracted from the sound signals consisted of mel-cepstrum coefficients and eigenvalues obtained from the principle component analysis (PCA) of the autocorrelation matrix of the sound signals. Classification of a sound signal was performed by linearly combining the mel-cepstrum and PCA feature vectors. An important property of the algorithm is that it is easily trainable, as are most speech-recognition algorithms. During the training phase, sounds of nuts with closed shells and with open shells were used to obtain a representative vector of each class. During the recognition phase, the feature vector from the sample under question was compared with representative vectors. The classification accuracy of closed-shell nuts was more than 99% on the validation set, which did not include the training set.Item Open Access Counterflow in Bose gas bilayers: collective modes and dissipationless drag(American Institute of Physics, 2020) Abedinpour, S. H.; Tanatar, BilalWe investigate the collective density oscillations and dissipationless drag effect in bilayer structures of ultra-cold bosons in the presence of counterflow. We consider different types of inter-particle interactions and obtain the drag coefficient and effect of counterflow on the sound velocity. We observe that counterflow enhances (suppresses) the energy of symmetric (asymmetric) density mode and drives the homogeneous system towards instability. The dependence of the drag coefficient on the spacing between two layers is determined by the form of particle-particle interaction.Item Open Access Detection of empty hazelnuts from fully developed nuts by impact acoustics(IEEE, 2005) Onaran, İbrahim; Dülek, Berkan; Pearson, T. C.; Yardımcı, Y.; Çetin, A. EnisShell-kernel weight ratio is the main determinate of quality and price of hazelnuts. Empty hazelnuts and nuts containing undeveloped kernels may also contain mycotoxin producing molds, which can cause cancer. A prototype system was set up to detect empty hazelnuts by dropping them onto a steel plate and processing the acoustic signal generated when kernels impact the plate. The acoustic signal was processed by five different methods: 1) modeling of the signal in the time domain, 2) computing time domain signal variances in short time windows, 3) analysis of the frequency spectra magnitudes, 4) maximum amplitude values in short time windows, and 5) line spectral frequencies (LSFs). Support Vector Machines (SVMs) were used to select a subset of features and perform classification. 98% of fully developed kernels and 97% of empty kernels were correctly classified.Item Open Access Imaging flaws close to surface using focused surface acoustic waves(IEEE, 1986-11) Köymen, Hayrettin; Atalar, Abdullah; Çiloğlu, T.; Önder, Murat; Uzel, Ç.; Yavuz, H.The resolving power and detection ability of the focused surface acoustic wave (SAW) imaging modality is investigated in this paper. In this mode of imaging, conical bulk acoustic waves are used to generate and focus leaky surface acoustic waves on smooth surfaces of materials. Imaging systems built using this technique has diffraction limited focusing property. An imaging system using this focusing principle has been built, operating at 1.5 and 20 MHz. A slow mechanical scanning system controlled by a personal computer scans the surface of the object, and the data is acquired by the computer to generate a color or a black and white image on its graphic screen. The results of the initial experiments show that the inaging system is very sensitive to the grain structure and possible residual stresses on the surface of the object. It can resolve subsurface gratings of spacing less than a SAW wavelength very close to surface. The imaging system is inherently zero background, providing a high sensitivity not found in similar systems.Item Open Access Increasing the sensitivity of the scanning acoustic microscope to anisotropy(IEEE, 1987) Atalar, AbdullahThe response of the scanning acoustic microscope to anisotropic materials is theoretically investigated. For this purpose, the reflection coefficient of plane acoustic waves incident on a liquid-anisotropic-solid interface is calculated. The reflection coefficient depends, in general, on polar and azimuthal angles of incidence. For the acoustic microscope case, a mean reflectance function can be defined which depends only on the polar angle, because there is a circular symmetry. With this mean reflectance function it is possible to explore the effects of changing the lens parameters such as the acoustic field at the back side of the lens. It is found that the response of the scanning acoustic microscope can depend heavily on the orientation of the solid material under investigation, provided that a suitable lens insonification is utilized. The amplitude of the acoustic microscope signal is influenced by the orientation of the material, because there is an interference between the acoustic waves reflected from the material surface at different azimuthal angles. This interference is revealed as a minimum in the mean reflectance function. It is shown by computer simulation that sensitivity to orientation can be increased by use of a ring-shaped transducer in the near field of the acoustic lens. With such lenses, it may be possible to determine the orientation of crystallites in a material.Item Open Access Recognition of vessel acoustic signatures using non-linear teager energy based features(IEEE, 2016-10) Can, Gökmen; Akbaş, Cem Emre; Çetin, A. EnisThis paper proposes a vessel recognition and classification system based on vessel acoustic signatures. Teager Energy Operator (TEO) based Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) are used for the first time in Underwater Acoustic Signal Recognition (UASR) to identify platforms the acoustic noise they generate. TEO based MFCC (TEO-MFCC), being more robust in noisy conditions than conventional MFCC, provides a better estimation platform energy. Conventionally, acoustic noise is recognized by sonar oper-ators who listen to audio signals received by ship sonars. The aim of this work is to replace this conventional human-based recognition system with a TEO-MFCC features-based classification system. TEO is applied to short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of acoustic signal frames and Mel-scale filter bank is used to obtain Mel Teager-energy spectrum. The feature vector is constructed by discrete cosine transform (DCT) of logarithmic Mel Teager-energy spectrum. Obtained spectrum is transformed into cepstral coefficients that are labeled as TEO-MFCC. This analysis and implementation are carried out with datasets of 24 different noise recordings that belong to 10 separate classes of vessels. These datasets are partially provided by National Park Service (NPS). Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are used as a classification method. Experimental results demonstrate that TEO-MFCC achieves 99.5% accuracy in classification of vessel noises. © 2016 IEEE.Item Open Access Reflection of ultrasonic waves at a liquid–cubic–solid interface(A I P Publishing, 1983-02) Atalar, AbdullahThe results of numerical calculations are presented for the reflection coefficient of sound waves incident on a liquid–cubic–solid interface. The reflection coefficient is calculated numerically for the (001) face of various cubic crystals. It is found that for certain orientations there is a null in the reflection coefficient. At this orientation all the power is coupled into a quasishear wave inside the solid. An explanation based on impedance theory is presented. The explanation given predicts that there might be reflection nulls for other liquid–solid interfaces where the solid is any anisotropic solid not just cubic.Item Open Access Response of surface acoustic wave imaging systems to cylindrical inhomogeneities(IEEE, 1988-10) Gunalp, N.; Baygun, B.; Surucu, F.; Atalar, AbdullahThe authors present a theory to predict the response of a SAW (surface acoustic wave) imaging system. In particular, they calculate the response to cylindrical cavities as a function of cavity position with respect to the focus point. The calculations indicated a high leak rate material will result in a better resolution in the y-direction. The theory also predicts an enhancement in the received signal level when the cylinder circumference equals the SAW wavelength. The images of cylinders obtained with such systems will indicate the size of the cylinders correctly at 20 dB below peak value as long as the cylinder diameter is larger than about a Rayleigh wavelength. For small cylinders the received peak amplitude can be used to determine the size of the cylinder.Item Open Access Scattering and absorption performance of a microsize graphene-based parabolic reflector in the THz range illuminated by a complex line source(IEEE, 2017) Oğuzer, T.; Altıntaş, AyhanThe scattering and absorption characteristics of a two- dimensional (2-D) parabolic reflector made of graphene and placed in the free space is simulated using the Method of Analytical Regularization (MAR) technique. Reflector is illuminated by a complex magnetic line source having a directive beam-like antenna pattern and placed in the geometrical focus of reflector. The total absorbed power and forward and backward directivities are computed. The surface plasmon (SP) resonances are observed. Besides, the scattering performance of the reflector is studied in dependence of the chemical potential of the graphene.Item Open Access A signal representation approach for discrimination between full and empty hazelnuts(IEEE, 2007) Onaran, İbrahim; İnce, N. F.; Tevfik, A. H.; Çetin, A. EnisWe apply a sparse signal representation approach to impact acoustic signals to discriminate between empty and full hazelnuts. The impact acoustic signals are recorded by dropping the hazelnut shells on a metal plate. The impact signal is then approximated within a given error limit by choosing codevectors from a special dictionary. This dictionary was generated from sub-dictionaries that are individually generated for the impact signals corresponding to empty and full hazelnut. The number of codevectors selected from each sub-dictionary and the approximation error within initial codevectors are used as classification features and fed to a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also compare this algorithm with a baseline approach. This baseline approach uses features which describe the time and frequency characteristics of the given signal that were previously used for empty and full hazelnut separation. Classification accuracies of 98.3% and 96.8% were achieved by the proposed approach and base algorithm respectively. The results we obtained show that sparse signal representation strategy can be used as an alternative classification method for undeveloped hazelnut separation with higher accuracies.Item Open Access Sound absorption coefficient changes of acoustical plates made of expanded perlite in moist environment(WITPress, 2003) Yılmazer, SemihaExpanded perlite is a porous, lightweight, fire resistant and moisture retaining material with sound and thermal insulation properties. In this research, acoustical behaviour of plates made of expanded perlite was studied experimentally. Since these plates are used for sound absorption the acoustical parameter selected for this study is "sound absorption coefficient". Preliminary experiments indicated that moisture reduced the sound absorption coefficient on plates and there is not much significant difference between the dry and 50% humid conditions. However, there is a significant difference in acoustical properties for the 50% - 95% humid conditions. Thus, this interval was studied in detail. A number of expanded perlite plates having different mixtures were prepared and tested. It was observed that coating of expanded perlite particles with sodium silicate increased moisture resistance, and that the addition of mineral fibre into the mixtures increased the strength and sound absorption coefficient of the plates.Item Open Access Use of a conical axicon as a surface acoustic wave focusing device(IEEE, 1987-01) Atalar, Abdullah; Köymen, HayrettinUltrasonic axicons generate waves which focus on a line. They are used in various imaging applications as hulk wave focusing devices with a very long depth of focus. A new type of conical axicon is introduced. It consists of a concave parabolic surface immersed in a liquid medium and insonified obliquely by wavefronts generated by a plane transducer. The parabolic cylinder can be approximated by a portion of a circular cylinder without losing significantly in the focusing performance of the axicon. It is also shown that conical axicons can be used to excite surface waves provided that the cone angle of the axicon coincides with the Rayleigh critical angle of the liquid-solid interface. The generated surface waves focus into a diffraction-limited spot. This new surface wave focusing scheme is easy to use and has a conversion efficiency and sensitivity far better than other existing techniques.Item Open Access V(Z) of the surface acoustic wave focusing system(IEEE, 1986-11) Atalar, Abdullah; Köymen, HayrettinIt is possible to define a V(Z) function for the surface acoustic wave (SAW) focusing system for a class of reflectors similar to that defined in acoustic microscopy. In this case V(Z) is a function which relates the transducer output voltage to the distance between the focal point and the reflection line. It is possible to express V(Z) in an analytical expression using angular spectrum techniques. V(Z) is measured for straight edge reflectors forming various angles with the surface. V(2) of straight step reflectors are investigated. These curves show a dependence on the type of reflector. The experiments are performed at 1.5 MHz in conjunction with a computerized data acquisition system. The phase information is also recorded in all these measurements in addition to the amplitude. It is possible to get an inversion of V(Z) to get the SAW reflection coefficient at a straight discontinuity.Item Open Access Wave propagation and acoustic band gaps of two-dimensional liquid crystal/solid phononic crystals(Springer Verlag, 2017) Oltulu, O.; Mamedov, A. M.; Özbay, EkmelThe vast majority of acoustic wave propagation in phononic band studies has been usually carried out by scattering inclusions embedded in a viscoelastic medium, such as air or water. In this study, we present calculated band structure results for the two-dimensional square array geometry of a solid cylindrical scatterer surrounded by a liquid crystal (LC) matrix. Liquid crystals provide a unique combination of liquid-like and crystal-like properties as well as anisotropic properties. The purpose of using LC material is to take advantage of longitudinal acoustic waves propagating parallel (