Browsing by Subject "Accountability"
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Item Open Access Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and compliance in international financial institutions(2019-07) Öztürk, Emine NurThe relationship between compliance, accountability and good governance is important in terms of the mission and role of International Organizations in global order. Although these concepts are closely related to each other, the existing literature focuses mostly on the key components of the good governance, accountability and compliance with an institution centric way. In general, relationship between compliance, accountability and good governance has been also discussed theoretically. To elaborate on these significant concepts in practice, this study investigates the role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) tools in dispute resolution as part of the compliance process in IFIs by examining the initiation, implementation and monitoring of the ADR tools in compliance and dispute resolution process. The IFIs use ADR tools in compliance review and dispute resolution as part of their accountability mechanism since ADR methods are effective tools to protect accountability of the IFIs by complying with international rules, standards and regulations including social and environmental standards. IFIs have also provided detailed information on how their ADR mechanisms work in their websites and reports. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) have reflected the importance of compliance review function for accountability mechanism. However, the role of ADR tools of different IFIs in compliance process has not been adequately analyzed. Considering this gap, the following research questions direct this study: How compliance processes have been initiated or conducted?, How results have been implemented?, How monitoring and evaluation of the implementation has been done? and (iv) What is the role of ADR tools in resolving the dispute?. By explaining the role of ADR tools in IFIs and selecting cases from IFIs, this study aimed to find answers for these questions which contributed to understand how compliance, accountability and good governance are related to each other in ADR mechanisms of the IFIs. Finally, the main findings of the study were reflected in conclusion section in relation to the role of the ADRs in compliance review and dispute resolution of the IFIs, which is in line with their forms, goals and missions addressing accountability and good governance.Item Open Access Building democracy to last: the Turkish experience in comparative perspective(Routledge, 2015) Cinar K.; Cinar, M. U.This study analyses the relationship between checks and balances and democracy, focusing on Turkey in comparative perspective. In a large-N setting, the effects of checks and balances on the quality of democracy are examined. The findings reinforce the essential relationship between democracy and checks and balances. The article then discusses the implications of the the findings for Turkey. It stresses the need for horizontal accountability via checks and balances vested in different state agencies. In addition to state-level checks and balances, the importance of societal actors as sources of accountability is also elaborated. The study identifies the need for vertical accountability, not only through free elections but also by creating a political setting in which pluralistic media and civil society can thrive. In light of findings, the article stresses the need for a new constitutional framework that can embrace both state- and societal-level checks and balances. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.Item Open Access Democratic Party and democracy in Turkey : with special reference to Celal Bayar and Adnan Menderes(2011) Sütçü, GülizThis study aims to analyze the conceptualization of democracy by Celal Bayar and Adnan Menderes. Given the basic assumption of this dissertation, which is that ‘political agency’ is the decisive factor for the democratization path of a country, it is particularly concerned with Bayar’s and Menderes’ conceptualization of democracy. Since they were the main figures of Turkish politics between the year 1945, when the transition decision to democracy was made, and the year 1960, when the Democratic Party government was overthrown by the Turkish military, it is important to examine the understanding of democracy that shaped their political actions and decisions in order to understand the extent to which they contributed to Turkish democracy. Taking the agency approach as its theoretical background, this dissertation analyzes their political discourse and praxis based on the distinction between minimalist and maximalist democracy. While the minimalist dimension emphasizes the vertical accountability dimension of democracies and finds the presence of the electoral dimension of political regimes sufficient to define a regime as democratic, the maximalist dimension additionally considers the horizontal accountability dimension and takes the political opposition aspect as interdependent with vertical accountability, and thus as an indispensable aspect of democracies. This analysis is made using the minutes of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and group meetings of the Democratic Party, selected newspapers and periodicals of the period, speeches and articles of Bayar and Menderes, and the biographies written by their friends or journalists. In addition to the data gathered through these written sources, data collected through interviews with people that witnessed the period is also used. All data is categorized under these two main dimensions of democracy and analyzed according to the extent to which these two dimensions of democracy can be considered crucial for these two political leaders’ understanding of democracy. The analysis of the political discourse and praxis of Bayar and Menderes indicates that Bayar and Menderes accepted both vertical and horizontal dimensions of democracy. However, they did not see them as interdependent and they attached priority to the vertical accountability dimension. Thus, as they disregarded the horizontal accountability dimension, it is found that democracy came under threat and finally collapsed.Item Open Access Endogenous game choice and giving behavior in distribution games(MDPI, 2022-11-03) Karagözoğlu, Emin; Tosun, ElifWe experimentally investigated the effects of the possibility of taking in the dictator game and the choices of passive players between the dictator game and the taking game on the distribution decisions of active players. Our main findings support our hypothesis: when the dictator game is not exogenously given but chosen by the receivers (or passive players), this makes them accountable, which leads to less giving by dictators. We also conducted an online survey to gain further insights about our experimental results. Survey participants predicted most of the observed behavior in the experiment and explained the factors that might have driven the predicted behavior using reasoning similar to ours. Our results provide a new perspective for the dependence of giving in the dictator game on contextual factors. © 2022 by the authors.Item Open Access Endogenous selection into distribution games and effects on giving behavior(2020-09) Tosun, ElifIn this thesis, we investigate effects of taking possibility in the dictator game and choice of passive players between the dictator game and the taking game on distribution decisions of active players where the dictator game setting in which the dictator can take from the initial endowment of the passive player is referred as the taking game. We use a betweensubjects design with three treatments, of which first two serve as control treatments: (i) exogenously assigned dictator game (EX-D), (ii) exogenously assigned taking game (EXT), and (iii) endogenous treatment where passive subjects choose to play either dictator game (EN-D) or taking game (EN-T). Our findings, in conformity with our hypotheses, suggest that (i) giving is less in EX-T (EN-T) than in EX-D (EN-D), (ii) passive players choose EN-D more frequently than they choose EN-T, (iii) the mere fact that EN-D is played due to the choice of passive player makes them accountable which leads to less giving by dictators in EN-D than in EX-D, finally (iv) giving in EN-T and EX-T are same. We also conduct an online survey to gain further insights about our experimental results. Survey participants can predict most of the observed behavior in the experiment and explain factors that might have driven predicted behavior using a reasoning similar to ours. To our knowledge, this is the first work to study endogenous game selection and its impacts on giving behavior in a dictator game setting by allowing passive players to choose the game they want to play.Item Open Access "Gelişirken": Türkiye örneğinden hareketle iktisadi kalkınma söylemleri ve demokrasi ilişkisini yeniden düşünmek(ODTÜ, 2017) Uğur Çınar, MeralBu makalede ekonomik gelişme söyleminin yaygın kullanımı ile demokrasinin temel unsurlarının zayıflatılması arasındaki ilişki irdelenmektedir. Bunun için öncelikle ekonomik gelişme argümanlarının siyasette neden bu kadar merkezi bir konuma geldiği açıklanmakta, sonrasında da ekonomik gelişme söylemlerinin demokrasi üzerindeki etkisini ne şekilde gösterdiği ortaya konulmaktadır. Bunun için, ekonomik gelişme argümanları kullanılarak çoğulculuk, denge-denetleme gibi demokrasinin belkemiği olan unsurların zayıflatılmasının nasıl meşrulaştırıldığı ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmaktadır. Bu argümanların bilimsel açıdan temelsizliği de ortaya konularak aslında demokrasi ve ekonomik gelişmenin birbirine zıt kavramlar olmayıp gerçekte birbirlerini destekledikleri verilerle ortaya konulmaktadır. Buradaki bulguların çıkarımları Türkiye'nin ötesine gitmekte ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde demokrasinin karşı karşıya kaldığı tehdit ortaya konulmaktadır.Item Open Access Monitoring progress toward fulfilling rights in early childhood under the convention on the rights of the child to improve outcomes for children and families(Oxford University Press, 2013) Hertzman, C.; Vaghri, Z.; Arkadas-Thibert, A.Can the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC), to which 193 countries are signatory, be used as a tool to support developmental health in the early years? Improving early childhood development (ECD) requires finding ways for social determinants and child rights approaches to work together, which, to date, has not occurred. However, in 2005, the UN-CRC Monitoring Committee issued General Comment 7: Implementing Rights in Early Childhood (GC7) in response to the observation that children under the age of 8 were often overlooked in countries' reporting of progress toward implementing UN-CRC. This chapter shows how a commitment from the UN-CRC Monitoring Committee and key relevant international agencies (WHO, UNICEF) to a long-term program of monitoring compliance with GC7, in conjunction with monitoring of ECD developmental outcomes in all signatory countries, could help move global society toward equity in developmental health from the start of life. © Oxford University Press, 2014.Item Open Access The role of legislative committees in parliamentary governments’ accountability: a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom and Turkey(2018-06) Bektaş, Ümmühan EdaPresent study examines the role of legislative committees in single party majority and coalition governments’ accountability in the U.K. and Turkey. The literature discusses both legislatures’ contribution to policymaking as “marginal” or “ineffective” vis-a-vis governments, and their committees are expected to reflect this tendency. This approach equates formal capabilities (potential) with scrutiny behavior (influence), and claims that weak legislatures cannot substantially influence their governments’ legislation. In contrast, this research argues that legislative committees function as accountability mechanisms when they activate their formal capabilities and change the content of government bills. Rather than a description of formal capabilities, this study uses scrutiny powers and committee amendments as direct empirical measures to estimate the impact of legislative committees on governments. It also argues that committees’ scrutiny of government bills depends on the government control over the committees changing according to government type. The overall findings based on an original dataset suggest that both in the U.K. and Turkey, legislative committees can and do amend the content of government bills, and their likelihood of making substantial amendments to government bills increases when they base their intervention on their scrutiny powers. In both cases, committees during the coalition government term were more open and inclusive to actors outside the parliament leading committees to be affected by this knowledge and information in their scrutiny of government bills. In contrast, committees during single majority government term remained majoritarian and based their amendments on the information provided by the government representatives in committees.