Theses - Department of Turkish Literature
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Item Open Access Halide Edib-Adıvar ve feminist yazın(Bilkent University, 2001) Aytemiz, Beyhan UygunHalide Edib-Adıvar, who is acknowledged to be the first woman novelist of Turkey although she has Fatma Aliye and Emine Semiye as her predecessors, is accepted to be an important figure in Turkish feminism and modernism. It should be admitted that she has played an important role in the War of Turkish Emancipation and represented Turkish womanhood in Turkey and abroad. The fact that she is recognized as a leader of and a spokeswoman for Turkish feminism resulted in the acceptance of her being a feminist novelist. However, a close reexamination of her fiction shows that her strategies of constructing femininity and womanhood are in harmony with the patriarchal modes of literary representation. The well-established roles of women and men in patriarchal societies are recreated instead of being challenged in her early work. In order to idealize her woman characters as powerful, active intellectuals, she creates their opposites as passive, ignorant, and self-sacrificing figures who are continually looked down on and criticized by the male point of view of the narrator in such works as Seviyye Talip and Handan. The images of women as “angels” and/or “monsters” in Halide Edib's early work is replaced by the images of women as “comrades” in The Shirt of Flame and Tatarcık. While determining the conditions of women’s existence in the male-dominated society she deprives them of their womanhood and femininity, and presents them as man-like. Thus, women do not pose a threat to men sexually. Halide Edib-Adıvar’s recreation of the phallocratic representation of women in her three novels, Handan, The Shirt of Flame and Tatarcık, is examined in this thesis and the conclusion reached is that the femininity/womanhood of the idealized female characters Handan, Ayşe and Lâle, is underrepresented.Item Open Access Çağlarını eleştiren divan şairleri: Hayreti-Usüli-Hayali(Bilkent University, 2001) Demir, HiclalYesevî dervishes disseminated in Anatolia a heterodox branch of folk Islam whose origins can be traced back to Ahmet Yesevî. This branch was more readily accepted among the Turkomans living in frontier regions due to pre-Islamic belief patterns. Political authorities adopted the ortodox (Sunni) Islam with the help of urbanization and the establishment of medreses and during the time of the Anatolian Seljuk State and the Ottoman period, the heterodoks groups continued to involve in activities which were socially and politically inspired. The Kalenden order, which constituted one of the most important groups in Anatolian heterodoxy to develop out of the Melâmetî order, is based on a kind of asceticism, that is, to avoid oneself s from wordly pleasures and to discipline one’s soul through solitude. Such beliefs were also reflected in the works of poets who adapted heterodox Islam. This literature, which began with Mevlânâ Celâleddîn Rûmî and was refined with Yunus Emre, has generally been evaluated in the context of mystical and folk literature. In this study, three Divan poets who adopted heterodox Islam have been selected: Hayreti, Usûlî and Hayâli. These poets were affected by mystical characteristics within the same cultural environment and sympathized with the Kalenderi order. The poets from Vardar Yenicesi, under the influence of Molla İlâhî’s independent mysticism, were proud and submitted to no one. They were raised as poets to criticize both political and social life. These poets, influenced by the Kalenderîs wrote political critiques of the government for not treating the people justly and not recognizing their true worth. In social life, the original characteristics of these poets, who were more outspoken in their complaints concerning destiny and the world, drew attention to social inequalities in status and income. Moreover, these three poets provide humanity with keys to a better life through the suggestions. As a result, under the influence both of the early education that they received in Vardar Yenicesi and of the Kalenderi order, Hayreti, Usûlî and Hayâlî put much more emphasis on the political and social criticism than the other Divan poets and they exhibited a more wordly perspective, thereby showing a different aspect of Divan poetry.Item Open Access Nahid Sırrı Örik, kıskanmak ve psikanaliz(Bilkent University, 2001) Soylu, ÖzgeNahid Sırrı Örik stands apart from other writers in the Republican Era through his ability to portray protagonists’ evil. Örik began to publish in 1928, writing critiques, travel memoirs, plays, stories, and novels. His first novel Kıskanmak (Jealousy) appeared in 1946. This study attempts to interpret Kiskanmak using psychoanalysis as a critical tool. It examines the psychological motivations behind the behavior, feelings and thoughts of the characters. The thesis focuses on Seniha, the main character of the novel, analyzing her jealousy and feelings of ugliness, and argues that she demonstrates a borderline personality. In addition I contend that masculinity is not represented in the novel as the male figures behave in a feminine manner. The female characters, on the other hand, are devilish. I argue that this representation of male and female characters reflects Örik’s relationship with his mother and father. Kıskanmak’s power and poignancy lie in its exposure of the seeds of evil hidden in the depths of the human soul.Item Open Access Yeniliklerle dolu yüzyıldan iki 'yeni' isim : Nedim-Levni ve eserlerindeki sevgili figürleri(Bilkent University, 2001) Bulut, HülyaThe 18th century is a period open to new developments and advances in Ottoman poetry and miniature art. Due to failures in political life, the state turned to the West and encountered a “New World,” thereby paving the way for a renewal in art. The principal reason for this longing for novelty (especially in the Tulip Period) is a desire to experience worldly pleasures. In this context, the poet Nedim and the miniaturist Levnî, who produced their works in the first half of the century, are the most important representatives of changes occurring within their respective fields of art. The increasing visibility of private life, as it was expressed in the structure of society’s elite, significantly influenced poetry and miniature art. Private life comes to life, so to speak, visually within miniatures and verbally in poems, and it leads to the appearance of realism and individualism, themes common to both Levnî and Nedim. Whereas Levnî creates his individualism by painting detailed figures taken from real life, Nedim establishes his style by expressing his experiences as he saw and lived them without embellishment, which is what made him different from other Divan poets. In addition to these characteristics, it is important to note, from the perspective of realism, that figures of beloved in both artists were selected from real life. Furthermore, elements such as eyebrows, hair, nose, mouth, lips, which Nedim highlights while speaking of his beloved in his gazels, find life in Levnî’s miniatures. The purpose of this study is to determine characteristics common to both artists, while examining the contributions each artist made to his respective field.Item Open Access Murathan Mungan'ın çağdaş masallarında cinsiyetçi geleneğin eleştirisi(Bilkent University, 2001) Dündar, Leyla BurcuThe Critique of Gender in Murathan Mungan’s Modern Tales Murathan Mungan (b. 1955), a prominent Turkish author of the late twentieth century, analyzes and interprets legends, myths, folk tales, and cultural archetypes of the East in his literary works. The links that Mungan establishes with traditional narratives intend to assess the cultural wealth of the land in which he lives. This specific orientation, which is one of the keystones of his understanding of art, helps us re-evaluate those patterns which have existed for ages in traditional works of culture. By examining cultural patterns evolving in time, Mungan succeeds in shedding light upon current social dynamics. In Mungan’s works, a gender-sensitive role-analysis come to prominence with respect to both the reader and the text. One of Mungan’s most noticeable themes is the question of “masculinity”. This recurrent theme offers Mungan various opportunities to question the role of society in imposing stereotypical gender roles on individuals. Patriarchal gender roles constrain the flourishing of individuals, inhibiting their creativity and freedom. Mungan’s works inhere powerful critiques of the patriarchal ideology of gender and its overt or covert influence over all aspects of life, ranging from politics to literature. Another significant theme in Mungan’s works is “loss of speech” or “diglossia”. It indicates a social handicap as well as an individual one, and provides us with multi-layered reading opportunities concerning individuals’ specific relationship with the language they use. Therefore, Mungan’s literary activity could be interpreted as giving a voice not only to one’s personal history but also to that of the east of Anatolia.Item Open Access Toplumcu gerçekçi Türk edebiyatında Suat Derviş'in yeri(Bilkent University, 2001) Günay, ÇimenSuat Derviş (1905-1972), one of the few women writers of the late Ottoman period, is a key figure in examining the conflictual phenomena of being a “woman” and a “Marxist” within the context of a predominantly traditional society. Having her first novel published at the age of sixteen, Derviş studied literature at the University of Berlin and worked as a reporter in Germany, until Hitler’s coming to power. Derviş’s life is dramatically affected by the rising of fascism in Europe and Turkey. Her becoming acquainted with Marxist ideas at the end of the 1930s, made Derviş write about the class conflicts both in her articles and novels. She published Yeni Edebiyat (1940-1941), a Marxist literary journal, with Reşat Fuat Baraner, the general secretary of Turkish Communist Party, who later became her fourth husband in 1941. This study focuses on the role of Suat Derviş in the “Socialist Realist” literature of Turkey. The tension Derviş experienced between feminism and Marxism is important for analyzing how feminism is received by the Turkish Left and also for appreciating the premises of feminism itself. The aim of this master thesis is to detect the epistemological and ideological breaking points in Derviş’s literary output and discuss the way she overcame the conflicts between socialist realism and Marxist aesthetics. In this study, three novels each representing a different period in Derviş’s novelistic career are taken into consideration and analyzed.Item Open Access Cemil Kavukçu öykücülüğünde kent, taşra ve modernlik(Bilkent University, 2001) Demir, HivrenOne of the changes that occurred during the transition from orality to literacy was the rise of new styles of expression in literature. As a new genre the short story conributed to literacy as well. The role of modernization in the rise of the short story is significant proof of the relationship between social structure and literature. Hence, the first works in the field of the short story in Turkish literature were produced in the Tanzimat period in which the society began to go through a modernization process. From that time onward, many stories have been published, but in the 1990s the short story as a genre was paid much more attention than before especially because of the publication of many journals devoted to the genre alone. Cemil Kavukçu, whose works have been published since the 1980s, occupied an important place in the world of literature in the second half of the 1990s. Kavukçu has published collections of stories entitled Bilinen Bir Sokakta Kaybolmak (1997), Dört Duvar Beş Pencere (1999), Gemiler de Ağlarmış (2001), Pazar Güneşi (1983), Temmuz Suçlu (1990), Uzak Noktalara Doğru (1995) and Yalnız Uyuyanlar İçin (1996) as well as a novel, Dönüş (1998). The attitude of individuals living in cities and in provinces vis-à-vis the modern society is at the center of Kavukçu’s stories. As a writer of a society which is struggling to modernize, Kavukçu shows that modernity cannot be experienced in the same way everywhere. The sociological and psychological world of Kavukçu’s stories finds its corollary in his literary style. The role of intertextuality and fantastic elements in his stories and Kavukçu’s use of language are the basic signs of the consistency between his story-telling and his story world. Kavukçu’s short stories are open to new techniques on the one hand and follow the tradition on the other; his story-telling techniques suggest an important idea for literary criticism: A literary work should not be critically evaluated without considering the conditions under which that work emerges. Consequently, the criteria of success in the genre of the short story in Turkish literature should be based not only on the standards of Western literatures but also on the conditions and the tradition of short story writing in Turkish.Item Open Access Tomris Uyar öykücülüğünde toplumsal güncellik ve biçimsel arayışlar(Bilkent University, 2001) Nazik, AyşegülThe Republic of Turkey has begun to go through a process of modernization especially rapidly since the 1960s. The symptoms of this process have shown themselves most evidently in the everyday life of urban areas. Since the second half of the twentieth century Western literature has been looking for new horizons to express such a modern transformation and the “short story” as a genre has proved to be a highly effective form to catch the spirit of the age. In Turkish literature, too, many writers have preferred the short story genre to tell the modern stories of their own country since the Tanzimat period, but consistent development is seen after the 1950s as a result of rapid modernization. Tomris Uyar has been writing short stories since 1965. Her tenth book was published in 1998. In her works, she has always been in pursuit of the changes in social life and literature. The mechanisms of social constraints in the background threatening the lives and dreams of ordinary characters are generally the subject matter of her stories. Tomris Uyar’s persistent interest in social actuality relates directly with the problems of modern life. The details of everday life captured by Uyar’s stories make the reader recall the experience of the days passing by; they lead to a sort of critical awareness. Tomris Uyar’s stories have changed throughout the years. Before the 1980s most of her stories had a plain and quite poetic style; the stories of that period seem to have been influenced by literary impressionism. During this period, the author mainly told the stories of ordinary people trying to cope with the changing values in society. Then, Tomris Uyar began to search for new forms for her short fiction: she began to include dreams and fantasies, postmodern fairy tales, intertextuality, and ambiguity in her stories. Between 1965 and 1998 it is evident that Tomris Uyar’s storytelling improved both in style and technique. But she has always insisted on keeping in touch with the social actuality of her country as a background for her short stories.Item Open Access Anlatı bilimi açısından roman-sinema etkileşimi ve bir uygulama : Anayurt Oteli(Bilkent University, 2002) Tutumlu, ReyhanFrom the very beginning, the art of film making has been influenced by other forms of art, particularly literature. Many novels, stories and plays have been adapted for movies both in the world cinema and in the Turkish cinema. With the development of the art of cinema the relationship between cinema and literature has been transformed into one of mutual interaction. Particularly the New Novel movement that emerged in French literature in the 1950s, represents a peak point in the close encounter between the novel and the film. Yusuf Atılgan (1921-1989), a prominent figure in Turkish literature, wrote few but remarkable works. In his novels he focused on the problems of modern individuals such as lack of communication, solitude, alienation, and their psychological effects. Anayurt Oteli (Motherland Hotel), a novel woven by the modern techniques of narrative, is appropriate for visualisation as film. Moreover, the novel proves to be a good case of both how cinema influences the novel and how a novel is transformed into a film. The interaction between the novel and the film, how the novel approximates the cinematic narrative, and the way the novel is transformed into a film are among the topics covered in this thesis. In this thesis, the theoretical framework proposed by narratology was used in order to analyze the techniques of narrative, the order of narrative, the speed of the narrative, the iterative in narrative, focalization, alteration of narrators both in the novel and the film. In this effect, Narrative Discourse by Gérard Genette has been used as a key source. The subdivisions of the thesis (“Order”, “Duration”, “Frequency”, “Mood” and “Voice”) have been adapted from the same book. In this thesis it was concluded that Yusuf Atılgan’s novel Anayurt Oteli (Motherland Hotel), which was adapted for cinema by Ömer Kavur in 1986, is a novel which uses cinematic techniques.Item Open Access Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu'nun romanlarında cinsellik(Bilkent University, 2002) Serdar, AliYakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu (1889-1974), best known by his novels published in the Republican era, started his career as an author in different genres of literature in the years following the Second Constitutional period. In the history of Turkish literature, it is widely accepted that Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’s literary works that belong to his early years are in accordance with the idea of “art for art’s sake” and that those published in the Republican period reflect a socially-oriented view of art. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, whose first novel is published in 1921, has turned out to be one of the most important figures of the Turkish intellectual history of the Republican era not only with his literary personality but also with his active participation in its politics. He is perceived as one of the initiators of the “Canon of National Literature”, especially in relation to his novels. Therefore, his works have become a subject of widespread research, constituting an area of its kind, namely the “Yakup Kadri Readings”. In this work, an alternative reading practice is developed in order to replace the current readings that focus on ideology, history, and politics. The study investigates how Yakup Kadri dealt with the issue of “sexual identity” in his novels, which has not been analyzed so far. Thus, an approach that is based on close reading, character analysis and psychoanalytic theory is carried throughout the study. In order to examine the problematic place of sexuality in the works of Yakup Kadri, three novels of the author, namely Hüküm Gecesi (1927), Yaban (1932) and Bir Sürgün (1937), are chosen for in depth analysis.Item Open Access Peride Celal'ın romanlarında kadın kimlikleri(Bilkent University, 2002) Karahan, BurcuPeride Celâl (b. 1915) was first acknowledged as a writer when short stories and novels were used to be serialized in newspapers and thus increased the circulation of newspapers. Peride Celâl has written numerous short stories and novels since 1936, the year her first novel was serialized. The author’s works, which primarily focus on female identities, are classified by most critics into two main groups. According to that classification, the novels, which were published between 1938-1949 and are known as “romances”, represent her first period, and those published between 1954-1990 represent the second one. Dar Yol (The Narrow Road) (1949) is accepted as the final novel of the author’s first period and Üç Kadının Romanı (Three Women’s Novel) (1954) is considered to be the groundwork for the second period. These two novels are hence, believed to be outstanding milestones in Peride Celâl’s literary career. The aim of this study is to depict the continuity rather than the so-called disunity among Peride Celâl’s novels, especially when one focuses on female identities. Such themes as “love and interpersonal relations”, “motherly love”, “perception of the body”, and “solipsism”, through which Peride Celâl’s female characters are replicated, are among the topics covered in this study, as well as narcissistic character traits that can be inferred through psychoanalytic interpretation of those themes. Besides the works of Sigmund Freud, Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, which mainly focus on the issue of narcissism, the works of D. W. Winnicot, an important psychoanalyst of the British school of object relations, which are on mother-child relations, will be the main sources in the theoretical part of the thesis. For this study, three novels, each of which represents a different period in Peride Celâl’s career as a novelist, are selected as the main texts to be analyzed. These novels are Dar Yol (The Narrow Road) (1949), Üç Kadının Romanı (Three Women’s Novel) (1954), and Kurtlar (Wolves) (1990).Item Open Access "Taze can buldu cihan" : Osmanlı şiirinde bahar(Bilkent University, 2002) Kalender, ArzuIn Ottoman poetry, bahariyyeler are important since they show how phenomena in nature affect the poet’s imagination and indicate the extent to which nature and humanity interact with each other. In Ottoman society, the spring season affects poets ant artists both in their daily life and cultural life and plays an important role in forming the artist’s aesthetic sensibility and cultural activities. Spring, setting up a socio-cultural environment, is the favoured season with the Ottomans, since it produces sociological and psychological effects. The relationship that Ottoman poets establish with nature creates an independent aesthetic understanding rich in symbols. In addition to hinting at the personal world, these images include references to social life. In bahariyyeler, it is possible to see how poets transform what they perceive in the world of phenomena into poetic images and how they express these phenomena in an ideal understanding of beauty using the metaphorical connotations contained within their depictions of spring. Working with these conceptions based on their perceptions of nature, the poets form figurative representations and, as a result, create a metaphorical world in their poetry. The poet, carefully noticing every object in nature, turns poetry into a miniature microcosm virtually containing the larger macrocosm. In this microcosm, one can find the Ottoman State in its many guises from daily life to military life. Studing the depictions of spring in the Ottoman kasides can explicitly show how nature influences social and individual activities. Starting from nature, the Ottoman poet creates a different world and gives a different meaning to every object within the world. The depictions of springtime reveal the extent of interaction between the intellectual and creative powers of the poet, besides showing that nature exerts a dynamic and creative function on the poet’s images and works.Item Open Access Klişelerden uzak bir köy romancısı : Abbas Sayar(Bilkent University, 2002) Tomur, SevilOne of the most controversial literary subjects in Turkey between 1950s and 1970s was village literature, a specific genre that refers to the realistic works of Village Institute authors. These works, generally focused on economic and social problems of villagers, have been criticized for having too many stereotypical elements. Therefore, authors, whose fictions are based on village, are not literarily appreciated, regarded simply as village writers. Among those is Abbas Sayar (1923-1999), the author of novels entitled Can Şenliği (1974), Çelo (1972), Dik Bayır (1977), and Yılkı Atı (1970) among others. As a village-rooted novelist, the themes of his novels are on life in Central Anatolia and the language of these works contains idioms, proverbs, and accents of this region. Yet, he also pays attention to the original sides of his subject matters and establishes his novels skillfully. Hence, on the one side, he can be classified as a village writer. On the other side, he differs from other village writers in his literary methods. In this thesis, the place of Abbas Sayar’s works in village literature is detected and the original aspects of his novels are exemplified.Item Open Access Bir ideoloji olarak Murathan Mungan şiiri(Bilkent University, 2002) Caner, FıratPoetry of Murathan Mungan as an Ideology Murathan Mungan (b. 1955), interprets “the ideological context of daily details” as one of the main themes of his literary works. There is an attempt of finding and manipulating what is always valid in the relationship he built with the Tradition. He pursues not the “past” in today, but the “today” in the past, because, the “today” in the past is the most convenient material for him to settle with his past. Mungan deals with the themes relating to Human Evolution and tries to make his readers confront themselves. He makes his readers confront themselves through criticisms which are direct at times and subtle at others. Mungan successfully deals with the issues concerning the imposition of political, economic and social formations to individuals and the psychology concerning how individuals absorb these. That is why the main topic of Mungan’s works is the crisis of the transition period between “not being able to be oneself” and “encountering the tragedy of not being able to”. Not being able to be oneself means dependence on an “other” and this will cause the individual to accept the role that has been imposed on oneself. The poetics of Mungan stands between the modern and the traditional, but closer to the traditional. But, beyond its “definite” status, the most important status for Mungan’s works is the status between two states of being. The threshold is very important in Mungan’s works, as it is in Chekhov’s.Item Open Access Şeyhî'nin Hüsrev ü Şîrin mesnevisindeki aşk ilişkileri(Bilkent University, 2002) Çulhaoğlu, GülşenTHE RELATIONSHIPS OF LOVE IN SHEYKHI’S KHUSREW AND SHÎRÎN Şeyhî (Sheykhi)`s masterpiece which is called Hüsrev ü Şirin (Khusrew and Shîrîn) is written in the form of mesnevî (mathnawî), one of the most widely- verse used forms in Divan literature. The prototype of this work was initially written by Genceli Nizamî (Nizâmî Gandjawî) and translated by many poets living in Anatolia and Azerbaijan, thereby spreading the verbal tradition related to Ferhat ile Şirin (Farhâd wa-Shîrîn). Şeyhî`s work is recognized as the best Turkish representative of Hüsrev ü Şirin, the main theme of which is “love”. Its main subject, based on historical realities, is the love triangle among Hüsrev, Şirin and Ferhat. Compared to Nizamî, Şeyhî gives more importance to the historical facts and emphasizes Hüsrev’s efforts to gain authority more than Nizamî does. These elements save Şeyhî’s work from becoming a full, direct translation. As two individuals from a divergent social status but desiring the same object, Hüsrev and Ferhat provide us with significant guidelines in analyzing the theme of love in the course of acquiring Şirin. Hüsrev and Ferhat’s experiences while trying to win over Şirin, their object of love, carry some characteristics which will help us to make a psychoanalytical analysis. In relation to that, the mystical dimension of suffering from love and sacrifices made for it is another subject that can be analyzed. In this thesis, Şeyhî`s mesnevî Hüsrev ü Şirin is examined within the contexts of psychoanalysis and mysticism. Although love is accepted as the main theme of the work, it is ascertained as only a means to help the characters reach authority.Item Open Access Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar`ın söyleminde gelenek(Bilkent University, 2002) Ramiç, AlenaAbdülhak Şinasi Hisar was one of the rare writers of Republican period who kept alive the old sense of literature and traditional esthetics in his literary works. He become recognized in the 1930s which was a period of rapid development for modern Turkish literature. Hisar, whose works show characteristics of resistance towards modernity, was known as a “writer” in books on the history of Turkish literature. However, the kind of resistance that he displays in his writings is in harmony with his traditional sense of literature and art, which was not an object of critical interest in his time. These writings, which can be closely identified with literary criticism, are full of subjective and poetic expressions. Although these prevent him from being called a “critic” in the modern sense of the word, they give important information about his system of values and his view of literature. Hisar does not pay attention to differences among literary genres and praises all kinds of writing with a refined sense of taste, defining them as works of literature. Because Hisar had not accepted the novelties of modernism in Turkish literature, his esthetics remained within the frames of tradition. When we analyze his literary works, we can see that Hisar’s critical views are in accordance with the attitude he expresses in his literary works. The most important elements that capture our attention at first in his works are his elaborate style and ambiguity of literary genre. These characteristics of Hisar’s literary works do not fit the parameters of modern literature and generate negative evaluations of contemporary Turkish critics who adopt the modern perspective. In spite of this, it cannot be said that his works are disordered, “chaotic”, and without literary value. These elements of his work are based on “pre-modern” values and originate from his sense of literature, which, derives from traditional oral culture that Hisar had cultivated since his childhood. That is why the characteristics of discourse and style that Hisar displays in his literary works during the period of modernization in Turkish literature must be defined within the frames of tradition. Hisar has a unique place in Turkish literature as an authentic writer who conveys the refined taste of Turkish civilization and literary tradition in his works.Item Open Access Hilmi Yavuz şiirine metin-merkezli bakış(Bilkent University, 2002) Aka, PınarThe poems of Hilmi Yavuz (1936) -who is one of the leading poets and writers of Turkish Literature- are suitable for a text-centered study. This work is based on all of the poems of the poet included in the books, Hüzün ki En Çok Yakışandır Bize (Toplu Şiirler) (1969), Söylen Şiirleri (1989), Ayna Şiirleri (1992), Çöl Şiirleri (1996), Akşam Şiirleri (1998), and Yolculuk Şiirleri (2001). A close examination reveals they comprise of a well-built structure. This structure that is based on binary oppositions can be encountered in the language, image and sound properties of the poems. In the first part of the work, these binary oppositions are analysed. The dualism in language can be seen in the poetry-prose language, language-utterance and the meaning and sound aspects of language differentiations. According to Hilmi Yavuz’s own modern poetry concept, his poetry can be seen as the continuation of the tradition formed by poets like Yahya Kemal, Ahmet Haşim, Behçet Necatigil and Asaf Hâlet Çelebi. Hilmi Yavuz indicates that, the reason why these poets are modern is that they base their poetry on either image or sound. For example in Yahya Kemal’s poetry, sound; in Ahmet Haşim’s poetry image is more important. From this point of view it can be said that Hilmi Yavuz’s poetry depends on both image and sound and is modern. Another property of modern poetry is its relation to tradition. In his poems, Hilmi Yavuz does not repeat tradition, he re-creates it. In Hilmi Yavuz’s poems it is possible to see the traces of a relation established with both East and West sources. İn this part of the work, the intertextual referances in Hilmi Yavuz’s poetry are taken into consideration from Gérard Genette’s teory’s point of view. In the second and last part of the work, Hilmi Yavuz’s poetry is analysed in the frame of the “pure poetry” concept that is encountered in Paul Brémond and Yahya Kemal, and the purification process of Yavuz’s poetry is observed. This process can be considered to be a purificaition of poetry from “great concepts” as Hilmi Yavuz says, or from the prose language as Brémond indicates.Item Open Access İlhan Berk şiirinde nesne sorunu(Bilkent University, 2002) Akgün, AliThe poetics of İlhan Berk (b. 1918), one of the most creative Turkish poets, depends on continuous change. Every poem is a new start for Berk who wishes to write the world itself. Since Berk, who includes many objects in his poetry, does not concern himself with reaching a stable definition of poetry, he is known to be an inscrutable poet. In this study, the poems of İlhan Berk are examined by the critical method of the Geneva School which used the phenomenological approach as a perspective. Husserl, who aims at reaching the essence of objects, makes phenomenological reductions by placing “natural attitude” in parentheses. The essence of the objects is reached by this reduction method requiring a process. The Geneva School also determines what kind of meaning or essence the poet gives the object in his consciousness by utilizing Husserl’s approach. The multilayered meaning structure in Berk’s poems is explained by this method where objects are reduced by taking them into parentheses. Some of the layers of meaning in Berk’s poems are perceived as love, woman, sexuality, which are the immutable themes. Beyond these themes, the existential position of Berk is determined by means of recurring structures. The integrity in meaning or determinations, which the Geneva School reached by taking repetitions into consideration, reveal the position of woman and existence. At the same time when the meanings of the objects and the themes composing the integrity are considered, despite the thought that he is an original poet, Berk is seen to have a close relationship with the tradition. The structure in Berk’s poetry is where Berk is original and applies his experimentation. The result reached by this study shows that Berk’s poem, the obliqueness of which is sometimes confused with meaninglessness, is essentially composed by a stable, coherent point of view. However, Berk achieves change not by the thought system in every book and poem, but he acquires originality by the form he applies.Item Open Access Divan şiirinde fahriye(Bilkent University, 2002) İsen, Tuba IşınsuFahriye literally means self-praise,haughtiness, fame and honour. But as a literary term, fahriye indicates a part of a poem such as gazel, mesnevi or kasida, in which the poet praises himself, complains about his fate and explains his situation to his intended audience. Self-praise in the fahriye, may be better understood if we consider some aspects of Ottoman social structure. Most importantly writing fahriye in a poem was a tradition in Ottoman society. The general view of fahriye is that the poet creates exaggerated expressions and uses unreal descriptions, possibly to present himself in a position superior to other poets. However, starting from the fourteenth century, fahriye examples show another important role. This is to answer the question “who is the ideal poet?” In other words, the poet did not write a kaside only to please his/her patron, but it also served a completely different function. The expressions in fahriye show similarities to the discussion of poets and poetry in tezkires and the prefaces to divan.Item Open Access Nurullah Ataç'ın eleştiri pratiğinde uygarlık sorunu(Bilkent University, 2002) Akyıldız, KayaModernity, which occurred first in Western Europe, paved the way for important changes in the area of aesthetics. Through the transformation that happened in the area of aesthetics, arts gained new contents and functions. As a matter of fact, these developments led to the emergence of specific notions for art, literature and literary criticism rooted in modernity. This “new” literature and literary criticism grew in the public sphere including salons, cafes, newspapers and periodicals. Following the establishment of the bourgeoisie’s power, both literature and literary criticism became independent of politico-cultural struggle and turned into a special discourse and autonomous area. In countries like Turkey, the flow of these developments followed different routes. The ruling elites of Turkey tried to create a Westernized literature and literary criticism. In this context, Nurullah Ataç is one of the critics who made genuine contributions to those efforts by evaluating many aspects of the Westernization problematic. N. Ataç’s understanding of art, literature and criticism was rooted in the modernist frame. He claimed that Turkish elites must throw away most of what hindered Westernization. To attain this goal, Ataç asserted that the ruling elites should not make concessions including the people and their traditions. According to him to the maximum possible extent, life and arts must be redesigned through these ideals. This outlook makes him unique and distinguishes him from the other intellectuals of his time.