Sunnism versus Shi'ism? : rise of the Shi'i politics and the Ottoman apprehension in late nineteenth century Iraq
Author(s)
Advisor
Özel, OktayDate
2008Publisher
Bilkent University
Language
English
Type
ThesisItem Usage Stats
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Abstract
The resurgence of religious political activism had predominantly been one of
the foremost themes of structural transformations among societies during the
nineteenth century. The major characteristic regarding the history of religion in the
Middle Eastern context was a bilateral process, that of the mobilization of society
and of the consolidation of organized social movements followed by a subsequent
process of politicization. As for the Iraqi region, the influence of Shi’ism increased
over certain segments of society thus “the spread of Shi’ism” primarily meant the
increased activity and organization of Shi’i communities, which increased their
weight in political spectrum rather than the magnitude of “the spread” itself.
There were internal and external reasons for the rise of Shi’i politics. On the
one hand, the intensifying governmental cohesion over the very segments of society
during the process of centralization deeply influenced the existing social structure
through dislocating various populations and many large tribal confederations. On the other hand, the rise of Usulism at the expense of the Akhbari interpretation of the
Shi’i jurisprudence generated an innovative tendency, stimulating the Shi’i scholars
to understand and interpret the worldly affairs in a different manner. It gave an
impetus and a peculiar function to the position of Shi’i clerical notables, particularly
the mujtahids, consolidating their authority in social as well as political matters.
The growing influence of Shi’ism in the Iraqi region gave rise to Ottoman
apprehension. As a common theme in the Ottoman official documentation, a strong
emphasis was made upon the seriousness and urgency of “the spread of Shi’ism.”
Ottoman officials embraced a policy of educational counter-propaganda to deal with
the Shi’i Question. The major strategy, which they utilized, was not the use of
forceful measures but the promotion of Sunni education through opening medreses
and sending Sunni ulema to the Iraqi region. However, indoctrinating Sunnism at the
expense of Shi’ism had much to do with the political unity and the social integrity of
the empire rather than the pure religious motivation.
This study further examines selected aspects of the social relations between
Shi’is and Sunnis of Iraq in the late nineteenth century. However, the strong
emphasis is made upon the relations between the Iraqi Shi’is and the Sunni Ottoman
government drawing some conclusions on the antagonistic relations between
governmental authorities and certain segments of Shi’i masses. This study also
discusses a two-dimensional view developed by the Ottoman officials regarding
Shi’ism and the Shi’is of Iraq, perceiving the former as a theological deviation from
the “true” path of Islam and recognizing the latter as being similar to those of other
local figures who made up the Iraqi society.