Development of CuAg/Cu2O nanoparticles on carbon nitride surface for methanol oxidation and selective conversion of carbon dioxide into formate

Abstract

Herein we report a catalyst consisting of CuAg/Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized on the two-dimensional carbon nitride (Csingle bondN) surface via galvanic exchange route for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction. The lower reduction potential of copper ([Cu+(aq) + e− → Cu(s)], + 0.52 eV) compared to Ag ([Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s)], +0.80 eV) makes Cu(0) easily exchangeable by Ag+ ions via galvanic exchange without applying any external bias. In a two-step process, the Cu NPs are synthesized first on Csingle bondN surface by adsorbing Cu2+ precursors and reducing them by NaBH4. Due to unstable nature of Cu2+ in aqueous medium some Cu2O NPs (a mixed phase of Cu/CuO) were also formed. Thereafter in the second step, Ag+ precursors are brought in contact with the already synthesized Cu and Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs). The Cu and Cu2O NPs present on the surface of Csingle bondN are partially exchanged by Ag atoms to generate bimetallic CuAg/Cu2O NPs. Two atoms of Ag are expected to be deposited for every Cu atom replaced. As galvanic replacement occurs on the solid surface of carbon nitride, there is only a partial replacement of Cu and Cu2O atoms. The catalysts Csingle bondN/Cu/Cu2O and Csingle bondN/CuAg/Cu2O were evaluated for their performance towards methanol oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction. Csingle bondN/CuAg/Cu2O showed twice the current density for methanol oxidation than Csingle bondN/Cu/Cu2O in a 0.5 M methanol solution. Probably the reason for high activity of Ag than Cu is related to the weak bond of oxygen on silver substrate for oxidation reactions and strong binding affinity on copper substrate. In case of carbon dioxide reduction (CO2 reduction) the product was identified to be formate by oxidizing the product (formate) on a Pt ring electrode. The results revealed Csingle bondN/CuAg/Cu2O shows a better selectivity towards formic acid formation than Csingle bondN/Cu/Cu2O using the rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE). A probable reason may be the strain induced by alloy formation which could favor a reduced coverage of adsorbed hydrogen and a decrease in oxophilicity of the compressively strained copper.