Browsing by Subject "individuality"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Beyond the 'East-West' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood
(American Psychological Association Inc., 2016) Vignoles, V. L.; Owe, E.; Becker, M.; Smith, P. B.; Easterbrook, M. J.; Brown, R.; González, R.; Didier, N.; Carrasco, D.; Cadena, M. P.; Lay, S.; Schwartz, S. J.; Rosiers, S. E. D.; Villamar, J. A.; Gavreliuc, A.; Zinkeng, M.; Kreuzbauer, R.; Baguma, P.; Martin, M.; Tatarko, A.; Herman, G.; de Sauvage, I.; Courtois, M.; Gardarsdóttir, R. B.; Harb, C.; Gallo, I. S.; Gil, P. P.; Clemares, R. L.; Campara, G.; Nizharadze, G.; Macapagal, M. E. J.; Jalal, B.; Bourguignon, D.; Zhang, J.; Lv, S.; Chybicka, A.; Yuki, M.; Zhang X.; Espinosa, A.; Valk, A.; Abuhamdeh, S.; Amponsah, B.; Özgen E.; Guner, E. Ü.; Yamakoglu, N.; Chobthamkit, P.; Pyszczynski, T.; Kesebir, P.; Trujillo, E. V.; Balanta, P.; Ayala, B. C.; Koller, S. H.; Jaafar, J. L.; Gausel, N.; Fischer, R.; Milfont, T. L.; Kusdil, E.; Çağlar, S.; Aldhafri, S.; Ferreira, M. C.; Mekonnen, K. H.; Wang, Q.; Fülöp, M.; Torres, A.; Camino, L.; Lemos, F. C. S.; Fritsche, I.; Möller, B.; Regalia, C.; Manzi, C.; Brambilla, M.; Bond, M. H.
Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. © 2016 American Psychological Association.
Open Access
Cognitive individualism and the child as scientist program
(2011) Wringe, B.
In this paper, I examine the charge that Gopnik and Meltzoff's 'Child as Scientist' program, outlined and defended in their 1997 book Words, Thoughts and Theories is vitiated by a form of 'cognitive individualism' about science. Although this charge has often been leveled at Gopnik and Meltzoff's work, it has rarely been developed in any detail.I suggest that we should distinguish between two forms of cognitive individualism which I refer to as 'ontic' and 'epistemic' cognitive individualism (OCI and ECI respectively). I then argue - contra Ronald Giere - that Gopnik and Meltzoff's commitment to OCI is relatively unproblematic, since it is an easily detachable part of their view. By contrast, and despite their explicit discussion of the issue, their commitment to ECI is much more problematic.
Open Access
Sürgün yolunda bir yenileşme serüveni : Mihnet-Keşan
(2008) Tüzin, Derya
Literary histories are seen to have confined their horizon of Ottoman poetry of the 19th century, a century marked by the revolutionary changes in literature, mainly to the post-Tanzimat period, where the process of Westernization reached its momentum. This thesis, however, focusses on the highly disregarded literary “revival” in the first quarter of the 19th century through the analysis of a major work of the period, Keçecizade İzzet Molla’s Mihnet-Keşan. With a heightened sense of “individuality” and “reality”, this masnavi diverges notably from traditional masnavi narratives which tend to represent types rather than individuals and legendary, supernatural events. This divergence, which is closely related with the fact that Mihnet-Keşan was inspired by a real event, İzzet Molla’s exile to Keşan in 1823, constitutes the main axis of study of this thesis. This masnavi of autobiographical character depicts the “individual” and represents the author’s life in exile with a strong sense of atmosphere, time and milieu. In this view, the thesis firstly discusses the problematic issue of the literary genre of Mihnet-Keşan, and then gives a closer look at the emergence of the “individual” as an existential matter in the masnavi, taking as its departure point a well-known passage, where the poet, on his way to Keşan, has a conversation with his reflection on the rearview mirror of the coach. The thesis also treats the nature of traditional versus modern narratives and the question of approaching Mihnet-Keşan as a modern narrative; as well as the deviant character of the masnavi in terms of the presentation of love relationships. The last discussion this thesis carries out, is on the way the system of patronage in the Ottoman State is interpreted from the perspective of a poet in enforced exile.