Browsing by Subject "immunostimulation"
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Item Open Access Exosomes: Natural nanovesicle candidates used in the diagnosis and treatment(Turkish Society of Immunology, 2013) Kahraman, T.; Gíiçlíiler G.; Gürsel I.Exosomes are nano-vesicles released by all known cells. Although they were called as residual cells acting as a cleaner of undesired molecules out of cell during the first discovery in 1980s, recent studies have revealed critical physiological tasks of these vesicles over the past 20 years. These vesicles which can be produced by all body fluids play an important role in many biological activities including intracellular communication, signal conduction, genetic material transfer, and regulation of immune response. Due to their several tasks, exosomes play a crucial role in the disease pathogenesis. Considering all these tasks, exosomes can be considered in both diagnosis and treatment. Exosomes originating from distinct cells have immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory features and, thereby, therapeutic attempts which regulate immune function in case of autoimmune and immunosuppression. In addition, thanks to being natural nano-carriers, exosomes may pave the way for the development of new-generation vaccines containing both adjuvant and antigen. Besides therapeutic applications, there are evidences indicating that exosomes can be used in the diagnosis of several cancer forms including prostate cancer, glioblastoma, squamous-cell lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, as they play a role in the disease pathogenesis. © 2014 Turkish Journal of Immunology.Item Open Access Inflammasome induction and immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODN loaded liposomes containing DC-cholesterol(Turkish Society of Immunology, 2013) Bayyurt, B.; Gürsel I.Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of cholesterol content and cationic property of liposomes on immune response. Materials and methods: Liposomes containing high amounts of 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol hydrochloride (DC-cholesterol) were prepared and loaded with K- and D-type CpG oligonucleotide (CpG-ODN) via dehydration-rehydration (DRV) method. After splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was incubated either with free or liposomal CpG-ODN counterparts, supernatants were collected and used in cytokine (IFN-g, IL-1γ and IL-1β) ELISA. Additionally, supernatants of PECs primed with LPS and stimulated with liposomes containing different doses of DC-cholesterol were collected and used in IL-1β ELISA assay. Results: Low-dose CpG-ODN loaded liposomal formulations induced higher immune activation than free CpG-ODN at the same dose. While high-dose liposomal CpG-ODN formulations decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in splenocytes, they increased the secretion of IL-1β. Inflammasome activation was increased in a dose dependent manner when PECs primed with LPS were incubated with only liposomes. Varying lipid molar ratios of DC-Cholesterol containing liposomes increased IL-1β production based on increasing lipid molar ratio. Conclusion: This study revealed that type and lipid ratio of liposomes may alter the cellular efficacy of the loaded immune-stimulatory agent and may initiate inflammasome activation. © 2014 Turkish Journal of Immunology.