Browsing by Subject "War on Terrorism, 2001-"
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Item Open Access A constructivist analysis on balancing : the impact of US war on terror on China and Russia(2012) Sarı Karademir, BurcuThis dissertation provides a constructivist analysis of balancing under unipolarity by examining the question of how the US war on terror has influenced China’s and Russia’s tendency to balance against the United States. To answer this question, this dissertation looks at how China’s and Russia’s security understandings have evolved as a result of their bilateral relations with the US and US security practices in international relations since the end of the Cold War. It points out that China’s and Russia’s interactions with the US have produced micro-cultures in which rivalry over international status and insecurity have become dominant. The dissertation argues that China’s and Russia’s reactions to the US war on terror were shaped by their security understandings. It states that after a temporary betterment of relations with the US, both states’ concerns about their status in international relations were intensified after US unilateralism in the Iraq war. In addition, the dissertation points out that unipolarity exists in a Lockean culture at macro-structural level in which the US has the primary status empowering it to shape the norms of international relations. It stresses that as China and Russia want to play a role in the rule-making process and management of the international order, they are concerned by US status as the system-maker. The dissertation concludes that China and Russia might balance against the US due to the insecurities produced at macro and microstructural levels.Item Open Access Transformation of NATO in the face of transnational terrorism(2009) Bulduk, SebahatTransnational terrorism with special reference to the September 11 attacks in 2001 on the territory of the United States has significant impacts on NATO’s approach to terrorism at rhetorical, practical and institutional levels. This thesis describes and explains the role of transnational terrorism on NATO’s transformation process, which intensified with the end of Cold War era. The Alliance’s 1991 and 1999 Strategic Concepts already defined terrorism as one of the risks to the Allies’ security. However, NATO began to actively engage in fighting against terrorism after the September 11 attacks. Just after 9/11, NATO for the first time in its history invoked Article 5, which is the collective defense clause of the Washington Treaty. Particularly, the Prague Summit held in 2002 has been catalyst for the transformation of Alliance into an organization that is more adaptive to the new security environment where the threats are less likely to be state-centric. In the assessment, until September 11, 2001, terrorism did not have a priority on the NATO’s agenda. Then, after the dramatic assaults, almost every step in the Alliance has been taken in the name of fighting against terrorism. The creation of the NATO Response Force, Terrorist Threat Intelligence Unit and further a new “Allied Command Transformation” are several examples in this regard. Basically, 9/11 demonstrated that transnational terrorism constitutes a very serious threat even for a super power, nobody is immune from terrorism and the approach to terrorism as a domestic threat is no longer applicable.