Browsing by Subject "The United States of America"

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Open Access
Ambassador at war: John J. Muccio and the Korean War (1948-1952)
(2019-08) Kubat, Muhammed Cihad
The United States of America sent eight ministers to Korea’s Chosŏn Dynasty and Korean Empire from 1883 until 1905. John J. Muccio was the first Ambassador that the U.S. dispatched to the Republic of Korea. What made Muccio different from the other eight representatives was his country’s changing place in world politics after World War I and World War II. After World War II, the U.S. became a key player in the decision making process with regard to the Korean Peninsula’s fate along with the Soviet Union. The dissertation explores the salient aspirations, dilemmas and experiences of the “dean of diplomatic corps” in the Republic of Korea. Relying extensively on the American and Korean declassified archival materials, this dissertation reconstructs the Korean War from the point of view of John J. Muccio. Muccio was one of the primary proponents of the idea of delaying the withdrawal of the U.S. troops from the Republic of Korea. Immediately after the outbreak of the Korean War, Muccio had to overstep his bounds as an envoy of a foreign nation mainly because of the lack of leadership shown by Syngman Rhee. Muccio became the de facto leader of the civilian opposition against the North Korean onslaught, a position he kept until the relocation of the Republic of Korea to Seoul on September 29, 1950. The political crisis of 1952 was when Muccio yielded to Rhee’s manipulation tactics and it set a precedent for the U.S. to align itself with authoritative figures in Korea instead of supporting democratic processes.
Open Access
American propaganda in Turkey as economic military and cultural warfare against Germany during the Second World War
(2009) Avcı, Ayşegül
This thesis analyzes American propaganda in Turkey during the Second World War through the increasing economic, military and cultural relations between the two countries. Germany was very influential in Turkey’s economic, military and cultural development before the war. This kind of affiliation could have an influence in Turkey’s foreign policy. Turkish leaders, on the other hand, attached utmost importance to Turkey’s integrity and independence. They thought that entering the war would damage Turkey’s sovereignty. Therefore they wanted to keep Turkey out of war. When the war started Turkey wanted to limit Germany’s influence. For this reason Turkey turned to Britain and France which could not satisfy Turkey’s needs. iv America began to increase its economic, military and cultural relations with Turkey through Lend-Lease aid, chrome sales, sending military experts to and inviting students from Turkey, etc. The improvement of the relations between Turkey and America in those fields aimed to break Germany’s influence in Turkey, and to prevent Turkey’s entrance to the war on the side of the Axis. In this respect strengthening Turkey in the economic and military fields so that it could fight against the Axis forces was not the main aim. Therefore American efforts during the war should be analyzed as propaganda against German propaganda.
Open Access
The Carter administration’s Pakistan policy before and after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
(2020-10) Soomro, Marium
The United States and Pakistan’s bilateral relationship has seen complex periods of converging and diverging interests that have been shaped by security concerns. The first two years of the Carter administration’s relations with Pakistan saw a divergence of interests primarily due to the United States’ pursuit of its nuclear non-proliferation foreign policy. This study uses archival material to analyze the diplomatic and political discourse which unfolded in Washington D.C. and Islamabad during the enforcement of this policy. The study underlines that policymakers are at times divorced from the experiences of diplomats on ground and highlights the complexity behind state craft, the art of diplomacy and the geopolitical and the geostrategic contours of the United States and Pakistan’s bilateral relationship. The Carter administration’s Pakistan policy vis-à-vis nuclear nonproliferation was only side stepped after a number of external factors in the form of regional events took place. These included, the Iranian revolution, the siege of Mecca, the rise in politicized Islam, the impact these events had on the domestic public opinions of both nations and last but not least, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The multiple security implications of all these events led President Carter to build the foundation for the alliance with Pakistan which would succeed in driving the Soviet Union out of Afghanistan.
Open Access
Energy policies of Turkey in triangle of the USA, the EU, and Russia
(2010) Kumaş, Gizem
This thesis aims to understand what motivates energy policies of Turkey with respect to three main actors in the world system, the USA, the EU and Russia in the light of two international relations theories; neorealism and neoliberalism. After giving detailed energy profile of Turkey, in the thesis, neorealism is utilized or energy relations between Turkey and the US, whereas neoliberalism is used to analyze energy relations of Turkey with the EU and Russia. The study reaches to a conclusion that energy politics compose a significant share for relations between states and in this context according neorealism the result would come up as little cooperation and according to neoliberalism, as middle cooperation considering gains and interests of the actors.
Open Access
Taft's open door policy to the near east : dollar diplomacy practices in the ottoman empire
(2015-09) İplikçi, Murat
This thesis analyzes the United States' Dollar Diplomacy and its practices towards the Ottoman Empire during William Howard Taft's presidency. The United States was not quite interested in improving its economic and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire, before the reopen of the Ottoman Parliament in 1908. On the other hand, the declaration of the Second Constitution and new parliamentary system grasped the attention of the US Government. From the American point of view, this new state system would be more open and acquiescent to adopt American institutions and cooperation in various fields, in the name of modernization. The United States commenced to increase its economic, diplomatic, and commercial relations with the Ottoman Empire, in this era. During Taft's presidency, American foreign policy concentrated on assisting and protecting any American commercial interests, around the world with the promotion of American businesses, investment, and trade. In his short term, Taft gave importance to conduct this policy, which cited as the Dollar Diplomacy, in the Ottoman Empire along with Central American states and China. This policy could not reach its ultimate success in the empire in aspect of promoting American investments intensely, in this country. As they experienced throughout the Chester Project, which was a significant railroad concession project in the Eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman Empire struggled with political problems in this era and its negative effect over the American investments were distinguishable. Still, this era witnessed significant progress in not only in aspect of promotion of American initiatives, as the Chester Project, but also economic and commercial relations with the help of the State Department.
Open Access
Unraveling diplomacy: Turkish and American diplomats on the Cyprus crises of 1954-1967
(2020-11) Erçelik, Dilara
Cyprus has been a problem for Turkey since 1954 and the entangled conflict attracted the attention of the United States as well. While the situation of the island required mediation and diplomacy, it not only concerned the two communities of Cyprus but also the two allies; the United States and Turkey to confront with the major crises often. One of them was the 1964 Letter Crisis and the other one was the Conflict of 1967 which brought Turkey and Greece to the threshold of war. It was mediated by American diplomacy and described as a success by George Ball. Deadlocks and crises hurt the relations between the two states and the diplomacy that the United States called successful, in actuality meant disappointments and therefore were unable to address all their priorities for Turkey. This thesis argues that a catastrophic success was the result of bilateral relations and for this purpose, the thesis; surveys the effects of Turkish and American diplomats by combining their memoirs and archives.