Browsing by Subject "Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries"

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Open Access
The imdâdiyye taxes in the Ottoman finance
(2018-06) Ulaş, Tayfun
In the course of the seventeenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled at maintaining its traditional structures due to the many wars, the financial problems, demographic changes, budgetary deficits, and the political and social rivalries between different Ottoman groups vying for power. Indeed, the seventeenth century was a period that saw the state face numerous financial crises throughout the entire span of that century. The government and financial officials conducted some fiscal measures to find remedies for the constant budgetary deficits of the Central Treasury, and as a result, it led to the introduction of new economic policies, like the imdâdiyye. The initial usage of the imdâdiyye levies in the seventeenth century emerged as an extraordinary wartime financial aid taken from the wealthiest groups within Ottoman society and the high-ranking members of the state rather than ordinary taxpayers, the re’âyâ. In the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the imdâdiyye taxes were re-arranged and levied as an ordinary tax and became a continuous source of income to the state and some state members, like governors and administrators of the provinces. This thesis examines the imdâdiyye taxes in the Ottoman Finance along with the many changes that it underwent as a tax from the beginning of the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The consequences of the regulation of the imdâdiyye and its relations with other new economic policies are also discussed in the chapters.
Open Access
In search of a Jewish community in the early modern Ottomon Empire : the case of Edirne Jews (c 1686-1750)
(2011) Karagedikli, Gürer
This thesis examines the demographic development, geographic distribution, and communal organization of the Edirne Jewish Community from the late seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth century by mainly benefitting from Ottoman archival sources and Muslim court records of Edirne. Except some big cities such as Istanbul, Jerusalem, Salonica and Izmir, monographic studies on Ottoman Jews have been rare in Ottoman historiography. These works have either focused on the early periods (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries) or on the nineteenth century. Ottoman Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, however, are shortly mentioned within the “decline” paradigm. A monographic study on the Edirne Jewish Community in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has not yet been done. Did the Edirne Jewish Community decline in the eighteenth century? How was its demographic situation and spatial organization in the centuries concerned? How did they sustain and develop their relations within the community, and with other groups and the state? The archival materials are the ones drawn upon most heavily in this research. For the demographic situation and the spatial organization of the Edirne Jews, ‘avârız registers, one cizye register, and the census conducted in 1703 have been used. Furthermore, in order to see the neighborhoods where they lived and to analyze their relations with the broader society, court records of Edirne between 1686-1750 concerning Jews were used. Bearing in mind the limits and problems of the sources, I attempted to scrutinize the demographic, spatial, and organzational structure of the Edirne Jewish Community during the late seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries.