Browsing by Subject "Racism"
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Item Open Access Analysis of everyday xenophobia: the case of highly educated Turks with immigrant background in Austria and Germany(Bilkent University, 2022-11) Tulun, Teoman ErtuğrulXenophobia and racism are contested. They are distinct but overlapping. This study analyses the relationship and interaction between these two concepts and seeks to unpack the true nature of contemporary xenophobia in Western Europe. It attempts to answer two key questions: 1) What constitutes the conceptual bases for these terms? 2) How do people report on their experiences on these concepts? In addressing these questions, the study deconstructs and analyzes the multi-dimensional concept of xenophobia to arrive at a meaningful operational definition; explicates its overlooked normative framework constitutively shaped in the United Nations; investigates the rising effects of immigration phenomenon, violent acts against immigrant groups, and the political discourse on the level of xenophobia; focuses on the related developments in Germany and Austria by narrating the events relevant to explain the rising xenophobia in these countries; and refers to reliable secondary data regarding xenophobic and racist perceptions, behaviors, and incidents gathered through research conducted under the supervision of international organizations and reports submitted by member states to such organizations. The study also seeks answers to these questions through an analysis of interview data conducted with highly educated Turks with immigrant background in Germany and Austria, which is characterized as the group least likely to experience xenophobia and racism. Research findings reveal that the interviewees experience both xenophobia and racism. The interviewees mostly regard racism and xenophobia as identical and declare that they are exposed to verbal violence.Item Restricted Hitler Tuvalet Fırçası oldu(1992)Item Restricted James Baldwin’in Türkiye’de on yılı(Bilkent University, 2021) Demir, Halimhan; Dığın, İrem Nur; Gürbüz, Ece Yaren; Koşal, Enes; Sağlan, SudeAfrika asıllı bir Amerikan aktivist, yönetmen ve yazar olan James Baldwin, hayatının erken döneminde ırkçılık ve homofobi ile mücadele etmiştir. Yaşanabilir bir yer arayışında olan Baldwin, hayatının on yıllık dönemini belli aralıklarla Türkiye’de geçirmiş, “Another Country” kitabını İstanbul’da tamamlamış ve “Düşenin Dostu” adlı tiyatro oyununu yönetmiştir. Siyahi ve eşcinsel bir Amerikalı yazarın güvende olmak için 1960’lı yıllar Türkiye’sini seçmesi, bu yıllarda ırkçılığın ve homofobinin Türkiye’deki nüfuzunu değerlendirmek açısından yakın tarih araştırmalarında referans alınabilecek bir olaydır. James Baldwin’in Türkiye’de geçirdiği on yıla odaklanmak, kurduğu ilişkiler ve ürettiği eserler üzerinden onun Türkiye’ye, Türkiye’nin de ona etkisini açıklamak; Türkiye’yi, 1960’lı yıllarda dışlanmış yabancı bir yazarın gözünden değerlendirmek yakın Türkiye tarihine farklı bir bakış açısı eklemektedir.Item Open Access The racist critics of Atatürk and Kemalism, from the 1930s to the 1960s(SAGE Publications, 2011) Aytürk, İ.This article examines racist attitudes toward Atatürk and Kemalism from the 1930s to the 1960s. Liberal, leftist and conservative-Islamist critics of republican Turkey's founder and his policies have contributed to a widely shared image that, even if Kemalism was not essentially racist, the Kemalist approach to religious and ethnic minorities could hardly be described as egalitarian. Thus one is taken by surprise to uncover a parallel layer of virulent racist criticism, hidden under the deposit of decades of anti-Kemalist discourse. The most important ideologue of racism in Turkey, Nihâl Atsiz, and his circle attacked Atatürk's leadership, condemned Turkey's foreign policy, and particularly the appeasement policy vis-à-vis the Soviet Union, and, most importantly, ridiculed Kemalist attempts at building a civic nation model in the early republican era. Turkish racists never considered Atatiirk and the Kemalists as fellow nationalists; on the contrary, the research for this article shows that racists questioned their nationalist credentials and accused Kemalists of being cosmopolitans. The acrimonious relationship between the racists and the Kemalist establishment can be taken as an example of how the latter oscillated between a western, democratic orientation and an inward-looking, xenophobic worldview, providing us, therefore, with a more complicated and multi-faceted picture of Kemalism. © 2011 The Author.