Browsing by Subject "National security Europe."
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Item Open Access European security and defense policy and its implications for Turkey(Bilkent University, 2002) Özköse, Ö FarukThe “European Security and Defense Policy” is an evolving process. Since the Maastricht Treaty (1991), the European Union members have been trying to constitute a common security and defense policy within the framework of Common Foreign and Security Policy, second pillar of the European Union. The efforts to create “separable but not separate” European forces within NATO have increased speed in the last years and changed direction toward creating an independent ESDP with an autonomous military capability. To some extent, this new transformation concerns some non-EU European NATO members, such as Turkey, as well as non-European NATO allies, such as the US. The French-British St. Malo Declaration (1998), a turning point, has deeply changed the discussions about the European security. The impact of the latest developments on Turkey’s position in the European security system and on Turkey’s security policies is significant. Turkey wants to have some institutional links to European Security and Defense Policy in order to take part in the decisions on the matters that could affect Turkey’s vital national security interests. Turkey always points out that the European security cannot be accomplished properly without Turkey’s contributions. In this regard, it should be kept in mind that Turkey is one of the major actors which may have direct or indirect influence over European security matters since its membership in NATO; geographical location; its historical ties in the Balkans, in the Middle East and in the Caucasus; and its strategic relationship with the United States.Item Open Access NATO enlargement and its implications for Turkey(Bilkent University, 2001) Çatal, ErdoğanNATO, which has been throughout the Cold War a collective defense organization, was considered either useless or out of date with the end of the Cold War. However, as it did in the early years of the Cold War, habitually originating from its own dynamics, NATO transformed itself in order to meet the imperatives of the post-Cold War international environment. The geographical enlargement of NATO is the centerpiece of this whole transformation process. It bears implications not only for NATO itself but also for the foreign policy that Euro-Atlantic states follow. The partnership and membership aspects of the geographical enlargement preserved NATO's credibility and served NATO on its way to become a security community, and both aspects ensured NATO's survival. As such, the establishment of relations either through partnership, membership or other way with NATO became the objective of CEE, Balkan, Caucasian, and Central Asian countries, on their way to acquire a democratic, peaceful, and Western identity. In this context, NATO addressed the concerns of a community of 46 states in the Euro-Atlantic region. Meanwhile, on part of Turkey, there appeared some opportunities and setbacks. While consolidating Turkey's western identity on the Caucasus, the Balkans and Central Asia, NATO enlargement brought new concerns to Turkey's agenda regarding regional security as well as Turkey's position in its only and most institutional and functional linkage with the Western Europe and the U.S. After the admission of three new members to NATO in 1999, the pros and cons of a second round of NATO enlargement requires an examination in depth as the decision time gets closer, not only for NATO but also for Turkey.Item Open Access The various levels of European security and defense cooperation : Turkey's position in the emerging European security architecture(Bilkent University, 2001) Akçakaya, K. TanerWith the end of the cold war, developments in Europe mark a historical era which require adaptation of national governments and institutions to the new environment. The removal of basic constraints of cold war years, triggered new initiatives in political and security fields by increasing the potential European role to a global level. Security and defense are the critical fields and one should consider the US and NATO presence as a sine qua non for the European Security. Throughout cold war, NATO relieved European fears and heavy burden of defense, but it also prevented the development of an autonomous European military structure. However, from 1998 on, there is a considerable shift to the ‘Europeanist’ views which was relatively weak during the cold war years. Progress in the integration process, bitter experiences in the Balkans, constituted the basic factors of this change. The US desire to reduce its burden in defense field is an additional factor to give more incentives for more autonomy in European power projection capabilities. On the other hand, the concept of an evolving ‘European Army’ or an effective military tool should not create high expectations since the process is at its very early stages and there are many problems to be solved before any expectations. Additionally, there are many variables and uncertainties in the international environment which may reverse the positive feelings of security cooperation in Europe. About the restructuring of a European Security architecture, the institutional relationships between NATO and the EU in particular, is in the process of definition. In this process, inclusion of all possible actors will reduce the challenges of an uncertain environment by providing a certain degree of flexibility. In this regard, Turkey is one of the significant actors which may have direct or indirect influence over these new formations with its membership in NATO, geographical location or with its ties in the Balkans, in the Middle East or in the Caucasus.