Browsing by Subject "National identity"

Now showing 1 - 17 of 17

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A comparative study of women’s education in Turkmenistan, Turkey, and Azerbaijan: from tradition to modernization
(Bilkent University, 2025) Rodionova, Angelina; Mammadov, Farrukh; Ibrahimli, Shahin; Ahmed, Zain; Butt, Muhammad Talha
Starting from the 1920s and onwards education has played a significant role in the lives of women residing in Turkey and the central Asian countries like Türkmenistan and Azerbaijan. With the republican forces in place, the education system in Turkey has experienced significant changes and for the first time, women have started to receive education and have a presence in the workspace. Starting from the 1920s to the 1950s, significant social and pedagogical changes occurred in each country which influenced women’s access to education. Political ideologies, cultural values and national identity have all shaped how we perceive education in the aforementioned countries today. This paper aims to investigate how women’s education has changed with the Soviet and Kemalist powers coming into the regions. Key areas of the research include modernization under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Republican Turkey and Soviet-driven educational reforms in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Through the analysis of primary sources – such as interviews — along with secondary research, this paper examines the role of national identity, politics, society and culture in shaping women’s educational experiences.
Open Access
Building of a “new” architectural tradition in Kyrgyzstan: the case study of the open air park “Manas Ayili”
(2020-01) Baiborieva, Zhamilia
Kyrgyzstan experienced very critical moment during a transition from the Soviet Union state into new independent republic. Despite being rooted in the rich history of great civilizations and cultural traditions, there was an urge for the new national identity, which would unify people. In this context, new national elites promoted a mythical figure of the noble Kyrgyz hero - Manas, to portray the primordial origins of Kyrgyz culture and a tradition centred on him. It turned his image into a powerful tool to forge a new Kyrgyz identity in a nation building process. The same year, a governmental committee announced a design competition for a realization of an open-air ethno-cultural park - “Manas Ayili”. The winner of the competition, a Kyrgyz architect Dyushen Omuraliev supervised both design and construction processes in the project. The aim of this thesis is to study the discourse of Omuraliev, and in particular to focus on his attempt on transfer of ethnic, cultural and mythical symbols into an architectural language. A “new” national architectural language expected to embody values and ideals of the brand new Kyrgyz nation, and at the same time to herald the construction of the strong tradition to support the new national identity. The thesis attempts to analyze and discuss the case study of Manas Ayili and an approach of the architect in order to point out the number of significant connections with the architectural theories. In particular, the thesis will be evaluated through the four key criteria: locus, metaphor, type and diagram, which would allow to relocate the discussion to an international level. Eventually, the thesis attempts to derive the process of “construction” or “invention” tradition by the architect, on the background of the complex political and social changes.
Open Access
The citizen of the state and the state of the citizen : an analysis of the citizenization process in Turkey
(2000) Soyarık, Nalan
This study deals with the construction and evolution of Turkish citizenship throughout the history of the Turkish Republic. How citizenship was defined, and which model was adopted for Turkish citizenship are the major questions. The state is taken as the major constructive actor as the modernization and citizenization process was from above in the Turkish case. Therefore, the legal documents, parliamentary debates, and studies of the prominent intellectuals on citizenship are analyzed. As the nation building and citizenization process went hand in hand in Turkey, those laws related with the construction of a Turkish national identity are also utilized. By taking the social and political developments into account as a background, the changes and shifts in the understanding of Turkish citizenship are traced. The problems Turkish citizenship encounters today has its roots in the early Republican period, where Turkish citizenship was developed from above and in a republican understanding that emphasized duties towards the state. Today there is a clash between aspirations for a more liberal understanding of citizenship and the republican citizens. In the core of the problems faced today, lies the reluctance of the state to view Turkish citizenship as a notion distinct from the quest for Kemalist modernization and official Turkish national identity.
Open Access
Citizenship education in Turkey: inclusive or exclusive
(Routledge, 2012) İnce, B.
This paper scrutinises citizenship education in Turkey from the foundation of the Turkish Republic (1923) to the present and explores the extent to which it encourages inclusive or exclusive concepts of national identity and citizenship. In Turkey, where there are citizens belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, civic education plays a prominent role for promoting tolerance among citizens. Using framing questions from phase one of the International Association for the Educational Achievement's (IEA) research of Civic Education Across Countries, the civic education textbooks of Turkey are examined to determine the extent to which they promote democracy and human rights, make positive references to ethnic and religious minorities, and promote social cohesion. As Turkey was not included in phase one of the IEA study, the paper provides original information for comparative studies, reconsideration of citizenship education in multicultural societies and promoting an active national citizenry in Turkey. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Open Access
Construction of gender and national identity in Turkey: images of the first lady in the Turkish media (2002-7)
(Routledge, 2014) Cinar, M. U.
This article analyses the conception of womanhood and nationhood in Turkey through images of the First Lady in the media. It demonstrates that while there is a struggle between the secularist and Islamist media on issues such as Turkish national identity and public visibility, the secularist and Islamist discourses overlap when it comes to gender roles. In both cases, the private sphere is designated as the primary domain of women and the agency of women in the public sphere is limited by the symbolic duties they are expected to perform in accordance with the national imaginary. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.
Open Access
Different paths to regional hegemony: National identity contestation and foreign economic strategy in Russia and Turkey
(Routledge, 2018-10) Köstem, Seçkin
IPE scholars have extensively studied regionalisms in various parts of the globe. However, little has been done to explore the role that countries with regional leadership aspirations have played in fostering regional integration. Why do regional powers pursue different forms of leadership to exert economic influence over their neighbors and achieve regional hegemony? Through a comparison of Russia and Turkey, I argue that elite national identity conceptions construct national economic interests and shape foreign economic policies of these regional powers. In both countries, ruling elites have embraced national identity conceptions that were in stark contrast to the national identity conceptions of their predecessors. Russia under Putin has pursued a coercive hegemonic form of leadership in Eurasia contrary to the Yeltsin era. Conversely, Turkey under Erdogan has pursued liberal regional economic leadership in the Middle East as opposed to the coercive and isolationist policies of Westernist elites. In both cases, the consolidation of political power and international developments have strengthened the prevalent national identity conceptions at home, and reinforced regional economic leadership strategies. As it highlights the domestic ideational sources of the pursuit of regional hegemony, this study has implications for the study of regional powers, regionalism and economic nationalism.
Open Access
Economic nationalism and maritime policy in Norway
(Sage Publications Ltd., 2006) Fougner, T.
While celebrating recent efforts to redefine ‘economic nationalism’ by placing nationalism and national identity — rather than the state or illiberal economic policies — at its core, this article takes issue with the tendency to provide an unnecessarily narrow specification of a new research agenda on economic nationalism. More specifically, it argues that the agenda should concern not merely how national identities and nationalism influence economic policies and processes, but also how the latter can influence the former. An argument is also made for this twoway relationship to be conceived in constitutive terms, and a study of the efforts to develop a maritime policy in Norway in the mid-1990s is presented to show the usefulness of this reformulated research agenda on economic nationalism.
Open Access
Europe and Turkey: Does religion matter?
(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008) Criss, Nur Bilge; Jung, D.; Raudvere, C.
Ever since Claude Lévi-Strauss, a social anthropologist, introduced the term “l’égo et l’autre” it has become very fashionable to apply the “Self” and the “Other” to international affairs as well as to history. Shortly thereafter, concepts such as “identity politics” or the “politics of identity” began to fill research agendas. Although there is nothing wrong with mapping identities, it has certain methodological drawbacks for scholarship. Many times overemphasizing identities, in an effort to neatly categorize them, results in defining peoples and events based solely on ethnic/racial, national, or religious straitjackets. This is not very different from applying the principles of classifying botanical fauna to the human fora, which does not necessarily contribute to our knowledge, especially in geographies where religious/linguistic/ethnic identities overlap. Cosimo de Medici (“The Great,” Duke of Florence, banker, 1519–1603), one of the great men of the Renaissance once said, “I am human, so nothing about humanity is alien to me” (quoted in Çaykara 2005: 373). His statement makes sense today only if we remember the connection between the word “other” and its Latin version “alienus.” Today, despite all the hype of globalization, humanistic and political cosmopolitanism is absent. The fast pace of our world also brings about simplistic and categorical sociopolitical descriptions that are often hostile and divisive.
Open Access
Kolektif anlatı ve vatandaşlık kimliğinin inşasına dair sorular,cevaplar ve yeni sorular
(Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi, 2017) Uğur-Çınar, Meral
The article evaluates the current state of the literature on the collective memory-national identity nexus. Pointing at the interaction between state and non-state actors in the formation and reproduction of collective memory and national identity, the article shows both collective memory’s unifying and divisive role. By pointing at the unintended consequences of institutionalized collective memories on citizenship policies and by showing how transnational dynamics affect the collective memory-national identity link, the article invites further research in the field that is comparative, multifaceted, interdisciplinary and nonfunctionalist. By showing collective memory’s effect on institutional design, the article also urges for bodies of literature that have hitherto neglected collective memory to take this phenomenon seriously in their analyses of institutional design. The article also calls for studies that analyze the implications of changing communicative technologies for the link between collective memory and collective forms of identity.
Open Access
The metamorphosis of metaphors of vision: "bridging" Turkey's location, role and identity after the end of the cold war
(2009) Yanık, L. K.
During the Cold War, "buffer" or "bastion" seemed a popular metaphor to describe Turkey. After the Cold War, "bridge," (and, to some extent, the "crossroad") metaphor started to dominate the Turkish foreign policy Di{dotless}scourse. This article traces the use of "bridge" metaphor in this Di{dotless}scourse in the post-Cold War period by the Turkish foreign policy elite. It develops two arguments. First, the word bridge is a "metaphor of vision" combining Turkey's perceived geographical exceptionalism with an identity and a role at the international level. As a "metaphor of vision," the employment of the word "bridge" highlighted Turkey's liminality and justified some of its foreign policy actions to Eurasia and then to the Middle East. Second, because the bridge metaphor was used in different context to justify different foreign policy choices, its meaning has changed, illustrating that metaphors are not static constructs. It concludes by Sayi{dotless}ng that the continuous use of "bridge" metaphor might reinforce Turkey's "liminality," placing Turkey in a less classifiable category than the regular "othering" practices. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun başarıları ve Bulgaristan’dan Türkiye’ye göçün hikayesi
(Bilkent University, 2024) Özer, Melis Sayın; Gülap, Serra; Özdemir, Selim Can; Kurumak, Doğa Kübra; Kurtulan, Hüseyin Deniz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarihte önemli yeri olan 1989 Bulgaristan Göçü’nün kökenlerini, sebeplerini ve göç sürecini ele alırken özellikle Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun tecrübelerine, spordaki başarılarına ve nasıl ilham olduğu konusuna eğilmektir. - Bu konu kapsamında; 1984-1988 yılları arasında Bulgaristan’da hakim olan rejim ve rejimin asimilasyon politikalarının ardındaki sebepler, bu politikalarla Bulgaristan’daki Türk halkının karşılaştıkları zorluklar, Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun bu zorlukların arasında spor hayatının gelişimi, dönemin başbakanı Turgut Özal’ın da desteğiyle Türkiye’ye ilticası sürecinde yaşadığı sıkıntılar ve tüm bunların ardından yarattığı ilham incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın kaynakları, dönemin gazete haberleri; sonrasında yazılan makale ve tezler, Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun verdiği ve çalışma yazarları tarafından Muharrem Süleymanoğlu ile yapılan röportajdır. Çalışmanın ana odakları ise Bulgaristan’daki rejim ve neden olduğu göç, Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun spor hayatı ve Türkiye’ye ilticası ile ışık tuttuğu ilkelerdir. İncelemenin sonucu ise Bulgaristan’da o dönemde hakim olan rejimin azınlıkları baskıladığı ve bu baskının Naim Süleymanoğlu’nun ilticasına neden olduğu ve bu iltica sürecinin spor hayatına daha sıkı sarılmasına neden olduğudur.
Open Access
Nationalism
(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.
Throughout American history, notions of manliness have been central to concepts of national identity, and devotion to the nation has been deemed fundamental to understandings of American manhood. Yet definitions of manliness in relation to national identity have been multiform, ranging from collectivist ideals emphasizing virtue, sacrifice, and surrender to government and the commonwealth to individualist ideals stressing individualism, pursuit of self-interest, independence, and defiance of authority. Although manhood and nationalism sometimes stand in an ambivalent relation to one another, they have also served as mutually reinforcing codes of cultural and political power in the United States.
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Reconfiguring Senegalese filmmakers as Griots: Identity, migration and authorship practice
(Intellect, 2022) Kayır, Oğuz
This article aims to designate the notion of ‘Griot’ – the oral transmitter of history in West African cultures to the eclectic filmmakers from the post-independence period of Francophone Senegal who utilized film as an instrument to reassemble their nation’s lost image and carve an independent national identity that seeks liberation from the remnants of French imperial rule. Figuratively performing as Griots in the postcolonial film corpus, directors Ousmane Sembéne, Djibril Diop Mambéty and Mati Diop fabricated an original filmic language that represents the cultural milieu of Senegal after the French colonialism. In these directorial endeavours, the incorporation of narration elements plays a pivotal role in simultaneously manufacturing the agencies of Senegalese people and accelerating the continuum of decolonization in the country’s visual domain. Including the historical framework of Senegal’s cinema and illustrating the analogy between Griots and these filmmakers, this research will take a closer look at the corresponding postcolonial narratives of Ousmane Sembéne’s La Noire de… (1966), Djibril Diop Mambéty’s Touki Bouki (1973) and Mati Diop’s Atlantics (2019) in an effort to unravel their tumultuous identity politics, critiques of (neo)colonialism and filmmakers’ role as national raconteurs.
Open Access
Redefining the nation: the shifting boundaries of the 'other' in Greece and Turkey
(Routledge, 2011-01-01) Grigoriadis, I. N.
While Greek and Turkish nationalisms have followed diverse historical paths, they share several features. Following the model of Zimmer, this study explores how inclusive and exclusive boundary mechanisms have shaped Greek and Turkish national identity and which symbolic resources were utilized in these processes. It is argued that a shift from the use of voluntaristic to that of organic boundary mechanisms has characterized both Greek and Turkish nationalisms and influenced the definition of national 'self' and 'other'. This study aims to track a pattern of historic-political conditions which favour a shift from voluntaristic towards organic models of defining the nation and discuss possible future trends.
Open Access
Religion and ethno-nationalism: Turkey's Kurdish issue
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Sarıgil, Zeki; Fazlıoğlu, Ömer
One approach within the Islamic camp treats Islam, which emphasizes overarching notions such as the 'Islamic brotherhood' and 'ummah', as incompatible with ethno-nationalist ideas and movements. It is, however, striking that in the last decades, several Islamic and conservative groups in Turkey have paid increasing attention to the Kurdish issue, supporting their ethnic demands and sentiments. Even more striking, the leftist, secular Kurdish ethno-nationalists have adopted a more welcoming attitude toward Islam. How can we explain such intriguing developments and shifts? Using original data derived from several elite interviews and a public opinion survey, this study shows that the struggle for Kurdish popular support and legitimacy has encouraged political elites from both camps to enrich their ideological toolbox by borrowing ideas and discourses from each other. Further, Turkish and Kurdish nationalists alike utilize Islamic discourses and ideas to legitimize their competing nationalist claims. Exploring such issues, the study also provides theoretical and policy implications. © ASEN/John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2013.
Open Access
Situating the question of national identity : The Turkish case in a global context
(1998) Peker, Aslı Özgür
This thesis adresses the question of national identity in contemporary Turkey, with reference to the impact of globalization on national identity in general. It is suggested that globalization has a fragmenting effect on national identities and Turkey is also effected from this process. As a result of both the challenge of globalization and internal dynamics, Kemalism as the dominant code of definition of national identity in Turkey, faces a crisis. The thesis also adresses some recent developments in Turkey such as the strengthening of political Islam, the Kurdish movement, and the rise of Turkish nationalism within the framework of the above argument.
Open Access
Türkiye'nin Afrika açılımında Kenya'ya olası modelliği
(Fırat Üniversitesi, 2012) Boztaş, A.; İpek, Volkan
Uluslararası sistemde gelişmemiş dünyaya model olma ile ilgili Türkiye'nin işaret edildiği birçok ülke mevcuttur. Ortadoğu, Latin Amerika, Asya ve çalışmada incelenecek olan Afrika ülkeleri bunlar arasında yer alır. Son dönem Türk dış politikasının yaptığı Afrika açılımıyla Türkiye, Afrika ülkeleriyle ilişkilerini geliştirirken bu ülkelere önemli katkılarda da bulunmaktadır. Son dönemdeki bu katkılar ve tarihsel bağların mevcudiyetiyle Türkiye, gelişememiş ve ulus inşa süreçlerini tamamlayamamış Afrika ülkelerine model oluşturabilecek niteliktedir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye'nin bir Afrika ülkesi olan Kenya'ya model oluşturabileceği; etnik gruplarının demokratik yaşam adına çizecekleri yol, küreselleşme sürecinde ulusal kimliği koruma, iş dünyasının gelişimi, ekonomik ve siyasi bağımsızlığın korunması, insan haklarının ve düşünce özgürlüğünün geliştirilmesi, ulusal bütünlüğün önemi, sivil toplum örgütlerinin gelişimi, jeopolitik konumun değerlendirilmesi, sağlık alanındaki sorunlara çözüm getirme ve uluslararası örgütlerde girişimcilik perspektiflerinden değerlendirilecektir.