Browsing by Subject "Kazakhstan"

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Open Access
Evaluation of NO2 column variations over the atmosphere of Kazakhstan using satellite data
(SPIE, 2018) Darynova, Z.; Maksot, A.; Kulmukanova, L.; Malekipirbazari, M.; Sharifi, H.; Torkmahalleh, M. A.; Holloway, T.
Tropospheric NO2 concentrations obtained from the measurements of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on board the NASA Aura satellite from 2005 to 2016 were studied to identify major NO2 emission hot spots, trends, and seasonal variations over Kazakhstan. Emission hot spots are observed over the locations of thermal power plants (Ekibastuz) and major urban and industrial regions (Almaty and Shymkent), as well as the capital city (Astana). Some decreasing trends have been observed for NO2 over Ekibastuz, whereas the regions of Almaty and Shymkent showed increasing trends due to industrial growth. The seasonal pattern of the NO2 concentration shows a difference between three industrial cities of Almaty, Shymkent, and Ekibastuz versus the rest of Kazakhstan. In these three cities, a NO2 maximum is found during wintertime, which we attribute to seasonality of emissions associated with electricity production and the longer chemical lifetime of NO2 in winter. In contrast, in Astana and the rest of Kazakhstan, the NO2 concentration reaches a maximum in the summer.
Open Access
Kazakhstan : transition to democracy?
(2001) Tokhtarbayev, Ozat
Thıs thesis focuses on the Kazakhstani way of transition to democracy. After having analysed the history of Kazakhstan, the author examines social, national, political and state structures, political leaders and international factors have affected Kazakhstan’s transition to democracy. However, the thesis encompasses future perspectives of the Republic and includes suggestions on what should be done on the subject as well.
Open Access
Kazakhstan and Central Asia: Regional perspectives
(2002) Zardykhan, Z.
Today, Kazakhstan-as any of the Central Asian ex-Soviet states-is busy solving its domestic and economic problems. This facet of their interests and policy makes the present-day intra-Central Asian relations considerably different from the early years of independence, when despite their economic and political controversies their co-ordinated policy and attitude was the key to their survival vis-à-vis Russia. Despite its few years of independence and severe political and economic dependence on its neighbours, Kazakhstan seems today able to afford a more pragmatic policy in economic and strategic terms. The decree on the visa regime for the Kyrgyzstani citizens is itself an evidence of remarkable changes. The analysis of Kazakhstan's regional policy since its 'catapult to independence', especially that of the last few years, shows that two major trends will dominate its future regional policy: the establishment of interactions with the neighbouring countries favourable in economic terms and the entrenchment of balanced (or counterbalanced) relations with Russia and China. Ironically, the complexity of regional interests encourages the development and expansion of multilateral institutions and unions in the region but impedes their functioning and imposition, providing countries like Kazakhstan with de jure umbrella but without any serious controlling body. Kazakhstan seems fully aware of this. Indeed, this was true for the Commonwealth of Independent States, where Kazakhstan was one of the most active participants and the initiator of a number of forums, projects and treaties. Today, a similar trend seems valid for the Shanghai Union, which expands its ' jurisdiction' over more and more members and problems and where Kazakhstan plays a similar active and 'expansionist' role. In this respect, the declaration of Nursultan Nazarbayev that the Shanghai Union should also deal with ecological and humanitarian issues apart from its political and economic questions and should strengthen its co-operation with other international and regional organizations, such as ASEAN, is worthy of being scrutinized.