Browsing by Subject "Islamization"
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Item Open Access Changing immigrant profile and settlement patterns in the Nigbolu Sandjak(Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkanlığı, 2015) Ocaklı, NurayAfter the Ottomans' conquest of the last Bulgarian castle, Nikopol, migration movement of Muslim Anatolians to the new administrative district of the Ottoman frontier, Nigbolu Sandjak, started in the late 14th century. In 15th and 16thcenturies, policies of the Ottoman central authority played a determinant role on the profile of Muslim immigrants and settlement network of the region. In the 15th century, Muslim immigrants were populous nomadic tribes and they were settled in depopulated old villages to create more timar lands to finance the provincial army but as a result of the westward expansion policies of the Ottomans, characteristics of the new settlements and profile of the Muslim immigrants significantly changed in the 16th century. New Muslim settlements in the uninhabited lands of the Nigbolu Sandjak consisted of small villages producing weapons and necessities of the army on campaign. Settlers of these new settlements were Anatolian nomadic tribes divided into clans and families in the 16th century. These Muslim settlement regions formed the core of the Turkish presence in the region up today.Item Open Access Concordance and islamization in civil-military relations: a comparative study of Pakistan and Turkey(2021-08) Pitafi, FariaIn order to test and reanalyse the theory of concordance proposed by Rebecca Schiff, this thesis applies it to two case studies – Pakistan’s 1999 coup and Turkey’s 2016 coup attempt – using a qualitative approach. Inquiring whether concordance among the military, the political elites, and the citizenry prevents domestic military intervention, the study focuses on the military coup outcome as its dependent variable. By using a comparative case analysis approach, not only the level of concordance is evaluated based on four indicators of concordance – social composition of officer corps, recruitment method, the political decision-making process, and military style – across two Muslim-majority democracies, but the role of Islamization in the military in achieving or preventing concordance is also explored. Comparing Pakistan with a highly Islamized military, an Islamic constitution, and a non-secular civilian government in the 1988-1999 period, and Turkey whose military has low and covert Islamization, a secular constitution, and a non-secular civilian government in the 2002-2016 period, this study concludes that Islamization in the military both aids and prevents concordance and hence, domestic military intervention, depending on specific conditions. Furthermore, although this research verifies concordance theory, it also proposes modest modifications to the theory by presenting different types of concordance that may exist among the three actors and highlighting the role of Islamization as an essential part of the culture in Muslim-majority states.