Browsing by Subject "International law"

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1970-2000 arası Aphrodisias Antik Kentinden kaçırılıp Türkiye’ye getirilen eserler
(Bilkent University, 2025) Yeşi̇lyurt, Esi̇la; Orhon, Zeynep; Yıldız, Şuayb; Bal, Bedi̇rhan; Gürer, Arda
1970-2000 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin en önemli antik kentlerinden biri olan Aphrodisias, kültürel miras kaçakçılığıyla yüzleşmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu dönemde, Aphrodisias’tan pek çok tarihi eser, yerel ve uluslararası ağlar aracılığıyla kaçırılmış ve yurt dışındaki müzelerde veya özel koleksiyonlarda sergilenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, eserlerin kaçırılma yöntemleri, bu süreçte etkili olan sosyal, politik ve ekonomik faktörler ile kaçırılan eserlerin geri kazanımı için Türkiye’nin yürüttüğü hukuki ve diplomatik süreçler detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, döneme ait gazete haberleri, arkeolojik raporlar ve rêsmi belgeler incelenmiş; ayrıca R.R.R. Smith ve Levim Güney gibi arkeologlar ile Bahattin Doğanay ve Yasemin Name Genç gibi avukat ve tarihçilerle yapılan röportajlardan elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilmiştir. Özellikle Kenan Erim ve R.R.R. Smith’in, Aphrodisias’ın korunmasındaki liderliği ve eserlerin iade sürecindeki katkıları vurgulanmıştır. Türkiye’nin bu süreçte UNESCO gibi uluslararası kurumlarla iş birliği yapması ve antik eserlerin iadesini sağlamak için geliştirdiği stratejiler detaylandırılmıştır. Araştırma, kaçırılan eserlerin geri kazanılmasının sadece hukuki bir mesele olmadığını, aynı zamanda kültürel mirasın korunması ve toplumsal bilinçlendirme açısından büyük bir öneme sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
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Carl Schmitt and the analogy between constitutional and international law? are constitutional and international law inherently political?
(Cambridge University Press, 2013) Vinx, L.
According to Carl Schmitt, constitutional law and international law are analogous in that they are both forms of political law. Schmitt concludes that neither is open to legitimate judicial enforcement. This paper critically explores Schmitt’s analogy between constitutional and international law. It argues that the analogy can be turned against Schmitt and contemporary sceptics about international law: Since we no longer have any reason to deny the judicial enforceability of domestic constitutional law, the analogy now suggests that there is no reason to think that legitimate judicial enforcement of international law is impossible.
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Global disorder and the limits of 'dialogue'
(Routledge, 2008) Salt, J.
Since 2001 (designated as the UN Year of Dialogue Among Civilisations) several initiatives have been developed as a means of resolving problems whose causes have been ascribed, primarily by Samuel Huntington and Bernard Lewis, to civilisational difference. This article questions responses to the 'clash of civilisations' thesis which seem to accept the postulates on which it is based. It suggests that while dialogue is an indispensable tool of social cohesion, the source of many of the problems that pose a continuing threat to regional and global order is not 'civilisational difference' but the failure of governments to comply with international laws and conventions they have sworn to uphold. The explanation that 'civilisational difference' is the root cause of global disorder allows them to sidestep responsibility for the consequences of their own policies. Manipulation of the United Nations at the level of the Security Council is further evidence that the answer to global problems lies in redressing the failings of an entrenched world system that is based far more on power and state perceptions of self-interest than justice. The clearest evidence of structural weakness in the international system is to be found in the Middle East, where the UN Secretary-General's former special representative to the 'peace process', Alvaro de Soto, has drawn attention to the disjunction between public declarations of good intentions and high-level manipulation of this 'process' by powerful actors from behind the scenes. The article concludes that where dialogue is not the problem, it cannot be the solution.
Open Access
International regulations and environmental performance
(Routledge, 2008) Yörük, B. K.; Zaim, O.
This article employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to compute the environmental performance of all but two Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. It is found that although the environmental performance of countries differs over time, Poland and Hungary are the two best performers for all periods while Italy, Japan, Austria and Switzerland are ranked among the worst. The effect of international regulations and some observed characteristics of countries on environmental performance are also investigated. International regulations are reported to have a positive effect on environmental performance.
Open Access
On the modeling of CO2 EUA and CER prices of EU-ETS for the 2008–2012 period
(John Wiley and Sons, 2016) Gürler, Ü.; Yenigün, D.; Çağlar, M.; Berk, E.
Increased consumption of fossil fuels in industrial production has led to a significant elevation in the emission of greenhouse gases and to global warming. The most effective international action against global warming is the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to reduce carbon emissions to desired levels in a certain time span. Carbon trading is one of the mechanisms used to achieve the desired reductions. One of the most important implications of carbon trading for industrial systems is the risk of uncertainty about the prices of carbon allowance permits traded in the carbon markets. In this paper, we consider stochastic and time series modeling of carbon market prices and provide estimates of the model parameters involved, based on the European Union emissions trading scheme carbon allowances data obtained for 2008–2012 period. In particular, we consider fractional Brownian motion and autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic modeling of the European Union emissions trading scheme data and provide comparisons with benchmark models. Our analysis reveals evidence for structural changes in the underlying models in the span of the years 2008–2012. Data-driven methods for identifying possible change-points in the underlying models are employed, and a detailed analysis is provided. Our analysis indicated change-points in the European Union Allowance (EUA) prices in the first half of 2009 and in the second half of 2011, whereas in the Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) prices three change-points have appeared, in the first half of 2009, the middle of 2011, and in the second half of 2012. These change-points seem to parallel the global economic indicators as well.
Open Access
Playing to the audience: responses to violations of international order
(University of Chicago Press, 2024-01) Bas, Muhammet A.; Coe, Andrew J.; Gheorghe, Eliza
When international laws or norms are violated, an enforcer can punish the violator, offer concessions for its renewed compliance, or tolerate it. Punishment is often costlier than concessions or toleration but signals to other states that violation will be met with penalties rather than rewards or acceptance. By influencing other states’ expectations about what will happen if they get caught violating, the choice of response can thus encourage or discourage subsequent compliance. Anticipating this, an enforcer is more willing to punish when it faces a larger audience of potential near-term violators. Focusing on the nuclear nonproliferation norm, we show statistically that enforcer responses appear to have affected whether states subsequently pursued the bomb historically and that this effect is stronger than other hypothesized determinants of proliferation decisions. We also use primary sources to document that policy makers recognized and heeded this influence in a range of cases.
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Prof. Dr. M. Tuğrul Arat'ın hayatı ve Türkiye-Avrupa birliği ilişkilerine katkıları
(Bilkent University, 2023) Akın, Ataberk; Erbay, Şevval; Hayta, Yusuf Kutay; Nalçadan, Zeynep; Oktay, Hüseyin Ege
Türkiye 1856 Paris Antlaşması’ndan beri Avrupalı ülkeler arasında olmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu süreç özellikle 1985-2000 yılları arasında hız kazandı. Bu yıllarda Prof. Dr. Tuğrul Arat DPT’de AB ile İlişkiler Genel Müdürü olarak görev yaptı. Bu araştırmada Tuğrul Arat ile yapılan röportajdan, kendisi adına yazılan bir kitaptan ve kendi yazılarından yararlanılarak kendisinin hayatı anlatıldı. 1939 yılında Ankara’da doğan Tuğrul Arat, hayatını başta Ankara, Kayseri ve İstanbul olmak üzere birçok şehirde geçirdi. Hukuk alanındaki bütün eğitimini Türkiye’de alan Arat, döneminde akademisyenlere duyulan ihtiyaç sebebiyle akademide kalmaya ve kendisi gibi akademisyenler yetiştirmeye karar verdi. Birçok farklı görevde çalışarak Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ile olan ilişkileri ve Türkiye'nin AB’ye katılma süreci üzerine yapılan araştırmalara katkı sağladı. Bu süreçte akademik çalışmalarıyla birlikte bir yandan da devlet kurumlarında, enstitülerde ve topluluklarda aktif rol alarak çalışmalarını devam ettirdi. Arat, günümüzde hâlâ çalışmalarına devam ederken yetiştirdiği akademisyenler de birçok yeni hukukçu yetiştirmektedir.
Open Access
Three generations of human rights of women in the 20th century : an analysis of international legal documents
(2014) Birdal, Sevcan
This thesis focuses on the generations of human rights of women based on Vasak’s notion of three generations of human rights - in which the first generation rights refer political and civil rights; the second generation rights include economic, social and cultural rights while the third generation represents collective rights. To make a comparison between three generations of women’s human rights within the framework of 20th century international law, the thesis examines and analyzes plenty of international legal documents and reports of international conferences related with women’s rights throughout the century. This study emphasizes that when Vasak’s notion of three generations of human rights is applied to women’s rights in international legal documents of 20th century, the notion becomes more than a iv classification. Three generations of human rights of women reflects a real differentiation in terms of content, matter, priority, superiority and predominancy of the first generation to other two generations.