Browsing by Subject "Informality"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Sectoral informality in Turkey
(2010) Dalgıç, Yasin
This thesis evaluates the sectoral based probability of informal employment and its possible determinants. By decomposing the effects of workers’ characteristics and sectoral features on probability of informal employment, new measures of informality degrees of sectors are calculated. These new informality measures provide an easy and understandable interpretation and comparison across sectors. These new measures suggest that people who work in agriculture (includes agriculture, forestry and fishing) and construction sectors are more likely to be employed informally, while financial (financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities) and mining (mining and quarrying) sectors are relatively more formal in terms of employment. Additionally, among the determinants of differences in the probability of informal employment, the share of male workers and the amount of sectoral credits over GDP are found to be significant.
Open Access
Spaces of in/formality in the Turkish humanitarian field: Spatial and discursive practices impacting refugee women
(Sage Publications Ltd., 2024-11) Erman, Tahire; Zadhy-Çepoğlu, Aminath Nisha
Drawing upon critical feminist theorising, this article intervenes in the debates about humanitarian aid organisations in the case of urban refugees to highlight the ubiquity of in/formal practices in their interlinkedness that increasingly shape aid distribution. By examining humanitarian enactments at three levels –the national, the district and the neighbourhood– in the case of Ankara, Turkey, the article advances theoretical discussions about how formality and informality are intertwined as spatial techniques and discursive practices are deployed justifying in/formality in practice. We argue that such spatial and discursive interventions have become normalised as local aid distributors seek legitimacy in a contested process to counteract their image as unregulated. By centring the experiences of urban refugee women and their engagement with in/formal humanitarian practices, we expose the gendered connotations underpinning these interventions at the three levels of humanitarian enactments as (1) detached paternalism at the national level creating refugee women’s alienation, (2) a culture of Islamic charity at the district level prompting gendered performances of victimhood and (3) patriarchal ideology of male saviours linked to Islam at the neighbourhood level disciplining refugee women and leading to their (sexual) exploitation. In doing so, we problematise spatial and discursive modalities of in/formality, which produce profoundly gendered precarities, causing refugee women’s subordination in multiple ways. Bringing attention to how in/formality− as a part of contemporary conditions of refugeehood− interacts with gender, and how legitimacy is attained through on-the-ground spatial techniques coupled with discourses, we contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the humanitarian field.
Open Access
The third-party function of Turkey’s Ombudsman Institution in resolving public disputes
(2022-09) Duran, Hazal
This study focuses on the third-party function of ombudsman in resolution of public disputes between the citizens and public institutions and the factors undermine and facilitate its third-party function in the Turkish case. Ombudsman institutions have been evaluated in terms of administrative, legal, and human rights functions for years. Although interest in the ombudsman's dispute resolution function has increased recently, there is a lack of empirical studies of understanding this function. This study aims to fill the void by examining the case of Turkey’s Ombudsman Institution. As one of the youngest ombudsman institutions in the world, the Ombudsman Institution of Turkey has been using the friendly-settlement method since 2017 to increase the dispute resolution capacity. This study firstly quantitatively examines the friendly-settlement method based on 1003 cases. Data shows that despite friendly settlement is associated with informal and interactive dispute resolution in general, its use in the Turkish context is heavily dominated by formal and non-interactive methods. In order to understand the reasons creating this divergence, the study uses 24 semi-structured interviews conducted with experts and senior officials of the institution. Following the analysis of interviews, the study shows that authority, flexibility, network, dispute resolution capacity, and the attitude are five major factors determining ombudsman’s third-party function in the Turkish case. The findings also displays that these factors are causing less interaction and informality in relation to bureaucratic legalism in Turkey.