Browsing by Subject "Individualism-collectivism"

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Open Access
Contextualism as an important facet of individualism-collectivism: personhood beliefs across 37 national groups
(Sage Publications, Inc., 2013) Owe, E.; Vignoles, V. L.; Becker, M.; Brown, R.; Smith, P .B.; Lee, S. W. S.; Easterbrook, M.; Gadre, T.; Zhang X.; Gheorghiu, M.; Baguma, P.; Tatarko, A.; Aldhafri, S.; Zinkeng, M.; Schwartz, S. J.; Des Rosiers, S. E.; Villamar, J. A.; Mekonnen, K. H.; Regalia, C.; Manzi, C.; Brambilla, M.; Kusdil, E.; Çağlar, S.; Gavreliuc, A.; Martin, M.; Jianxin, Z.; Lv, S.; Fischer, R.; Milfont, T. L.; Torres, A.; Camino, L.; Kreuzbauer, R.; Gausel, N.; Buitendach, J. H.; Lemos, F. C. S.; Fritsche, I.; Möller, B.; Harb, C.; Valk, A.; Espinosa, A.; Jaafar, J. L.; Yuki, M.; Ferreira, M. C.; Chobthamkit, P.; Fülöp, M.; Chybicka, A.; Wang, Q.; Bond, M. H.; González, R.; Didier, N.; Carrasco, D.; Cadena, M. P.; Lay, S.; Gardarsdóttir, R. B.; Nizharadze, G.; Pyszczynski, T.; Kesebir, P.; Herman, G.; Sauvage, Isabelle de; Courtois, M.; Bourguignon, D.; Özgen, E.; Güner Ü. E.; Yamakoğlu, N.; Abuhamdeh, S.; Mogaji, A.; Macapagal, M. E. J.; Koller, S. H.; Amponsah, B.; Misra, G.; Kapur, P.; Trujillo, E. V.; Balanta, P.; Ayala, B. C.; Gallo, I. S.; Gil, P. P.; Clemares, R. L.; Campara, G.; Jalal, B.
Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 (N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and self-representations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes. © The Author(s) 2013.
Open Access
Relatedness of identities and emotional closeness with parents across and within cultures
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2007) Imamoğlu, E. O.; Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z.
Differences in emotional- and identity-relatedness with parents were explored across two cultural groups (863 university students from the USA and Turkey, representing individualist and collectivist societies, respectively) in Study 1, and across two socioeconomic status (SES) groups (353 high school students from the upper and lower SES in Turkey) in Study 2. In both studies, within-cultural differences in emotional- and identity-relatedness with parents were also explored in terms of: (i) self-directed and other-directed value orientations; and (ii) self-types, as suggested by the Balanced Integration-Differentiation Model. Results indicated cultural groups to be quite similar in emotional-relatedness, but to differ in relatedness of identities, with Turks reporting more related identities. Similarly, in Turkey, SES seemed to have more impact on identities than on emotional closeness, the lower SES adolescents reporting more relatedness with parents than upper SES adolescents. Thus, relatedness of identities appeared to be more important than emotional relatedness in differentiating between cultural and SES contexts. Results involving different self-types and value orientations pointed to both cross-cultural similarities and within-cultural diversity in the two domains of relatedness. Theoretical implications of cross- and within-culture differences in emotional- and identity-relatedness with parents are discussed.
Open Access
Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts
(2004) Imamoǧlu, E. O.; Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z.
In this study the authors investigated (a) how individuational and relational self-orientations, as well as self-directed and other-directed values, are related to one another, and (b) how these self- and value orientations differ across 2 cultural (i.e., 422 Turkish and 441 American university students) and 2 socioeconomic status (SES) groups (i.e., 186 lower SES and 167 upper SES Turkish high school students). Across cross-cultural and SES groups, individuational and relational self-orientations appeared to be not opposite but distinct orientations, as predicted by the Balanced Integration-Differentiation (BID) model (E. O. Imamoǧlu, 2003). Furthermore, both Turkish and American students with similar self-construal types, as suggested by the BID model, showed similar value orientations, pointing to both cross-cultural similarities and within-cultural diversity. Individuational and relational self-orientations showed weak to moderate associations with the respective value domains of self-directedness and other-directedness, which seemed to represent separate but somewhat positively correlated orientations. In both cross-cultural and SES groups, students tended to be high in both relational and individ-uational self-orientations; those trends were particularly strong among the Turkish and American women compared with men and among the upper SES Turkish adolescents compared with lower SES adolescents. Results are discussed as contesting the assumptions that regard the individuational and relational orientations as opposites and as supporting the search for invariant aspects of psychological functioning across contexts.