Browsing by Subject "Femininity (Psychology) in literature."

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Open Access
Cumhuriyet öncesi kadın yazarların romanlarında toplumsal cinsiyet ve kimlik sorunsalı (1877-1923)
(2012) Günaydın, Ayşegül Utku
Womanhood and gender relationships have been one of the first questions taken up as the natural extension of the modernization paradigm between the declaration of the First Constitution and the Republic. Even though womanhood was declared to be a project, the fact that gender issues were never re-examined in a fundamental manner led to new problems vis-à-vis gender and identity. Opened up by the press, the new public sphere offered women the opportunity to discuss the woman question through articles and novels, and the most significant examples of inquiries concerning identity were expressed through one of the branches of traditional literature and through women‟s novels, a sub-genre that newly came into existence. The questioning of the oppressive mechanisms working on women and created by the responsibilities of the new female identity that went beyond the limits of the family, along with the male point of view floundering in face of this new identity, reflects a common female sensibility and sets forth the essence of this literature. The new female identity emphasizes rationality and the resilience of women, taking certain values of womanhood as its basis, and the female viewpoint is used to demonstrate the consequences of the dissonance between this “new” identity and the expectations of the male identity that represented the mindset of society in general, as personified by husbands, lovers, fathers, and relatives. The image of the isolated and struggling girl, who becomes more profound as she becomes more educated, is the symbol of the newly emerging intellectual woman of the Ottoman society. Opposite this woman in transition are the Ottoman men who are either already “impressed” or ready to be impressed. In short, the female novelists of the era express the need for a social transformation that would have to start at the very foundations of society and restructure the relationship between woman and man, i.e., sexual identities. In discussing the common themes, motifs, and sensibilities of women‟s novels, the dissertation examines the following works: Aşk-ı Vatan (1877) by Zafer Hanım; Muhâdarât (1892), Levâyih-i Hayât (1897-98), Refet, (1898), Udî (1899), and Enîn (1910) by Fatma Aliye Hanım; Uhuvvet (1895) by Selma Rıza Feraceli; Terbiye-i Etfale Ait Üç Hikâye (1895), Hiss-i Rekabet (1896), Bîkes (1897), Mükâfat-ı İlâhiye (1896), Sefalet (1897), Muallime (1899-1901), and Gayya Kuyusu (1920) by Emine Semiye Hanım; Dilharâb (1896-97) by Fatma Fahrünnisa Hanım; Münevver (1905- 06), Ölmüş Bir Kadının Evrak-ı Metrukesi (1905), Yaban Gülü (1920) and Nedret (1922) by Güzide Sabri Aygün; Heyûlâ (1908), Raik’in Annesi (1909), Seviyye Talip (1910), Handan (1912), Yeni Turan (1912), Son Eseri (1913) and Mev’ud Hüküm (1918) by Halide Edib; Şebab-ı Tebah (1911) by Nezihe Muhiddin; Aydemir (1918) by Müfide Ferit Tek; Kara Kitap (1920) by Suat Derviş and Sisli Geceler (1922) by Halide Nusret Zorlutuna.
Open Access
Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Ressentiment'in dönüşümü : Nezihe Muhddin ve Leylâ Erbil
(2012) Dik, Tuba
Leyla Erbil, in addition to her handling the social and political facts in her literal work, has a unique place in Turkish literature because of her expression techniques. Nezihe Muhiddin, on the other hand, has reflected the problems of her own era to her works; critized the institution of slavery and concubinage. The facts that both Leyla Erbil and Nezihe Muhiddin adapt the sociological aspects of the life to literary texts, and they focus on woman issues make them significant to consider in this work. The aim of this paper is to make comparisons of these two writers who both examine the social events. This comperative work aims to evaluate/explain the problems occured due to the social statue of women, and how these problems are concluded; thus how these conclusions are reflected on literature. Considering the social statue of women; Nietzche's technical term "ressentiment", for which he uses to explain the slavery ethics, will be highlighted in the paper. In the first chapter, some background the information is presented about the identity of writers and their works which are examined in this paper. The works studied are Benliğim Benimdir!(I Am The Master!), Güzellik Kraliçesi(Beauty Queen), Sus Kalbim Sus(Hush Now Hush) which are written by Nezihe Muhiddin, and Leyla Erbil's Tuhaf Bir Kadın(A Strange Woman), Karanlığın Günü(The Day of Darkness), Üç Başlı Ejderha(Three Headed Dragon), Mektup Aşkları(Love in Letters), Cüce(The Dwarf) and Kalan (Remains). After the second chapter, titled as "The Notions that can be Associated with Modernism" which includes the explanation of the "ressentiment and triangular desire" , the modernisation process in Turkey is historically examined in the third chapter, titled as " The Critical view on Turkish Modernisation Project." A new perspective is brought by means of hegemonical menhood and gender. The emergence of ressentiment and the transformation of ressentiment in women's modernization process are examined and explained with the examples from the chosen works, in the last chapter titled as " The Ressentiment of Women on Literal Level".