Browsing by Subject "Evolution"

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1970’lerden günümüze Türk sinemasinda kadının yeri ve kadına bakış açısının değişimi
(Bilkent University, 2023) Kop, Ayşe Zeynep; Özübek, Eda; Tenekeci, Efe; Gülleroğlu, Kerem; Erman, Pınar
Türk sineması, çeşitli tarihi süreçler boyunca, toplumsal, siyasi ve kültürel değişimlerinetkisiyle evrimler geçirmiştir. Bu evrim ile beraber Türk sineması kendini yeniden tanımlayarakdönemden döneme farklı bir kimlik kazanmıştır. Bu dönemlerde sinemaya yansıtılan kadınkarakterler toplumun bir yansıması olarak görülmektedir. 1970’ler sinemasında kadınlargenellikle çaresiz ve erkek himayesine muhtaç olarak gösterilmiştir. Kadınlar, özgürlükleri için mücadele etmektedirler fakat toplumdaki bilinçsizlik ve baskılar sebebiyle çeşitli zorluklar ilekarşılaşmaktadırlar. 1980’ler sinemasında feminist akımların etkisiyle kadınlar daha güçlü, özgür ve gerçekçi bir şekilde yansıtılmaya başlamıştır. Bu dönemde çekilen filmlerde kadınlar, toplum içindeki rollerini sorgulamaya ve kendi kimliklerini bulmaya çalışmaktadırlar. 1990’lar sinemasında kadın temsili, önceki yıllara göre daha sınırlı bir perspektif ile ele alınmıştır. Bu dönemin sinemasında kadınlar iş dünyasında ve sosyal hayatta aktif roller ile yansıtılmaya başlanmıştır. 2000’ler sinemasında kadın temsili daha çeşitli karakterler üzerinden aktarılmıştır. Toplumsal alandaki kadın hakları hareketlerinin etkisiyle, kadın konusu önem kazanmıştır ve sinemada kadınlara daha fazla yer ayrılmaya başlanmıştır.
Open Access
Evolution of the hofstadter butterfly in a tunable optical lattice
(2015-08) Yılmaz, Fırat
There are a limited number of exact solutions for quantum mechanical systems. It is critical to obtain solutions for complex systems. One of these unsolved equations was the famous Harpers equation, which was proposed in 1955[1]. It investigates the behavior of a particle in a periodic potential under a uniform magnetic field in two dimensions. Douglas Hofstadter, in 1976, obtained a numerical solution[2] for the first time, discovering a non-trivial energy spectrum as a function of magnetic ux. The spectrum is a fractal structure, the Hofstadter buttery, and depends purely on the lattice geometry. In other words, primitive lattice vectors and basis vectors determine the fractal energy spectrum under a uniform magnetic field. The experimental demonstration of such an energy spectrum requires a magnitude of thousands of Teslas magnetic field in the solid state systems since the area of a unit cell is on the order of a few square nanometers. Recently, two main developments in cold atom physics led the way to the realization of the Hofstadter buttery energy spectrum. The first one as the creation and manipulation of optical lattices. It provides a controllable environment with lattice constants up to a few hundred nanometers, which means the required magnetic field is now within experimental capabilities. The second development is the realization of synthetic gauge fields on optical lattices. One recent development we focus in this thesis is the creation of an adjustable lattice geometry[3]. The self-similar energy spectra for a uniform magnetic field depends purely on the lattice geometry. Recently, the Zurich group presented a unique chance to examine the connection between them. Particularly, we calculate the Hofstadter buttery for all lattice parameters which can be obtained by the Zurich group[3]. We then investigate the transition of the Hofstadter buttery from a checkerboard lattice to a honeycomb lattice, which includes the observation of the change in topological invariants, the Chern numbers of the self-similar energy spectra. For this purpose, we first present the theoretical building blocks utilized throughout the research. We show the step-by-step procedure to obtain the Hofstadter buttery, starting from the continuous Hamiltonian and projection onto a tight-binding Hamiltonian. We explicitly demonstrate the butteries for the square lattice and the honeycomb lattice. Next, we concentrate on the experiment carried out by the Zurich group, and obtain the Hofstadter butteries for all lattice geometries. The Hofstadter butteries are analysed in detail. There are three different regimes. In the first regime the spectrum is formed by two stacked square lattice Hofstadter butteries separated by a large energy gap. As the optical lattice evolves from the checkerboard to the honeycomb geometry, the second regime begins with the emergence of Dirac points for particular rational magnetic ux values _ = p=q, where p; q are mutually prime integers. In the third regime infinitely many sequential closings of adjacent bands around zero energy give the honeycomb lattice Hofstadter buttery as a limit. This closing process can be probed with current setups. We show that the existence of Dirac points at zero magnetic field does not imply its existence at a finite field. The topological properties of the energy spectrum can change with the applied magnetic field. We calculate the Chern numbers of the major gaps in the spectra and examine the exchange and the transfer of these topological invariants during the evolution of the lattice geometry. An analytic formula to determine the critical value for the emergence of Dirac points around zero energy is obtained in Eq.5.2
Open Access
First international workshop on Multi Product Line Engineering (MultiPLE 2013)
(ACM, 2013-08) Moonen, L.; Acharya, M.; Behjati, R.; Tekinerdoğan, Bedir; Rabiser, R.; Kang, K. C.
In an industrial context, software systems are rarely developed by a single organization. For software product lines, this means that various organizations collaborate to provide and integrate the assets used in a product line. It is not uncommon that these assets themselves are built as product lines, a practice which is referred to as multi product lines. This cross-organizational distribution of reusable assets leads to numerous challenges, such as inconsistent configuration, costly and time-consuming integration, diverging evolution speed and direction, and inadequate testing. The MultiPLE workshop is aimed at discussing the challenges involved with the development and evolution of multi product lines and the assets used for their production. © 2013 Authors.
Open Access
Friends and happiness: An evolutionary perspective on friendship
(Springer Netherlands, 2015) Lewis, David M. G.; Al-Shawaf, L.; Russell, E. M.; Buss, D. M.
An evolutionary perspective yields fresh insights into the nature of human friendships and the emotions associated with these relationships. This approach sheds light on how specific types of friendship would have benefitted ancestral humans in the currency of natural selection—reproductive success—as well as in the currency of subjective well-being. This chapter outlines hypothesized ancestral functions of friendship, and discusses why immersion in friendships results in positive emotions such as happiness. We also review the empirical literature on different friendship types, drawing attention to the unique profiles of costs and benefits that characterize each type of friendship. In light of the various fitness-benefits and challenges that these relationships can pose, we propose evolutionarily inspired strategies for individuals to reap the benefits of friendships while simultaneously minimizing the costs they impose. In this way, we hope that an evolutionary approach not only augments our basic scientific understanding of these fundamental social relationships, but also contributes to the practical objective of enhancing friendships and maximizing their happiness yield.
Open Access
Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs
(Public Library of Science, 2014) Freedman, A. H.; Gronau I.; Schweizer, R. M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.; Han, E.; Silva, P. M.; Galaverni, M.; Fan, Z.; Marx P.; Lorente-Galdos, B.; Beale, H.; Ramirez, O.; Hormozdiari, F.; Alkan C.; Vilà, C.; Squire K.; Geffen, E.; Kusak, J.; Boyko, A. R.; Parker, H. G.; Lee C.; Tadigotla, V.; Siepel, A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Harkins, T. T.; Nelson, S. F.; Ostrander, E. A.; Marques Bonet, T.; Wayne, R. K.; Novembre, J.
To identify genetic changes underlying dog domestication and reconstruct their early evolutionary history, we generated high-quality genome sequences from three gray wolves, one from each of the three putative centers of dog domestication, two basal dog lineages (Basenji and Dingo) and a golden jackal as an outgroup. Analysis of these sequences supports a demographic model in which dogs and wolves diverged through a dynamic process involving population bottlenecks in both lineages and post-divergence gene flow. In dogs, the domestication bottleneck involved at least a 16-fold reduction in population size, a much more severe bottleneck than estimated previously. A sharp bottleneck in wolves occurred soon after their divergence from dogs, implying that the pool of diversity from which dogs arose was substantially larger than represented by modern wolf populations. We narrow the plausible range for the date of initial dog domestication to an interval spanning 11-16 thousand years ago, predating the rise of agriculture. In light of this finding, we expand upon previous work regarding the increase in copy number of the amylase gene (AMY2B) in dogs, which is believed to have aided digestion of starch in agricultural refuse. We find standing variation for amylase copy number variation in wolves and little or no copy number increase in the Dingo and Husky lineages. In conjunction with the estimated timing of dog origins, these results provide additional support to archaeological finds, suggesting the earliest dogs arose alongside hunter-gathers rather than agriculturists. Regarding the geographic origin of dogs, we find that, surprisingly, none of the extant wolf lineages from putative domestication centers is more closely related to dogs, and, instead, the sampled wolves form a sister monophyletic clade. This result, in combination with dog-wolf admixture during the process of domestication, suggests that a re-evaluation of past hypotheses regarding dog origins is necessary. © 2014.
Open Access
Great ape genetic diversity and population history
(Nature Publishing Group, 2013) Prado-Martinez, J.; Eichler, E. E.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Sudmant, P. H.; Kidd, J. M.; Li, H.; Kelley, J. L.; Lorente-Galdos, B.; Veeramah, K. R.; Woerner, A. E.; O’Connor, T. D.; Santpere, G.; Cagan, A.; Theunert, C.; Casals, F.; Laayouni, H.; Munch, K.; Hobolth, A.; Halager, A. E.; Malig, M.; Hernandez-Rodriguez, J.; Hernando-Herraez, I.; Prüfer, K.; Pybus, M.; Johnstone, L.; Lachmann, M.; Alkan C.; Twig, D.; Petit, N.; Baker, C.; Hormozdiari, F.; Fernandez-Callejo, M.; Dabad, M.; Wilson, M. L.; Stevison, L.; Camprubí, C.; Carvalho, T.; RuizHerrera, A.; Vives, L.; Mele, M.; Abello, T.; Kondova, I.; Bontrop, R. E.; Pusey, A.; Lankester, F.; Kiyang, J. A.; Bergl, R. A.; Lonsdorf, E.; Myers, S.; Ventura, M.; Gagneux, P.; Comas, D.; Siegismund, H.; Blanc, J.; Agueda-Calpena, L.; Gut, M.; Fulton, L.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Mullikin, J. C.; Wilson, R. K.; Gut, I. G.; Gonder, M K.; Ryder, O. A.; Hahn, B. H.; Navarro, A.; Akey, J. M.; Bertranpetit, J.; Reich, D.; Mailund, T.; Schierup, M. H.; Hvilsom, C.; Andrés, A. M.; Wall, J. D.; Bustamante, C. D.; Hammer, M. F.
Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized(1,2); however, its study is critical for understanding population history(3-6), recombination(7), selection(8) and susceptibility to disease(9,10). Here we sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild-and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report 88.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/western and central/eastern populations. We find extensive inbreeding in almost all wild populations, with eastern gorillas being the most extreme. Inferred effective population sizes have varied radically over time in different lineages and this appears to have a profound effect on the genetic diversity at, or close to, genes in almost all species. We discover and assign 1,982 loss-of-function variants throughout the human and great ape lineages, determining that the rate of gene loss has not been different in the human branch compared to other internal branches in the great ape phylogeny. This comprehensive catalogue of great ape genome diversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations.
Open Access
Inferring phylogenetical tree by using hierarchical self organizing maps
(2002) Bahşi, Hayretdin
In biology, inferring phylogenetical tree is an attempt to describe the evolutionary history of today’s species with the aim of finding their common ancestors. Specifically in molecular biology, it is used in understanding the evolution relationships between proteins or DNA sequences. Inferring phylogenetical tree can be a very complicated task since even for the input data having thirty sequences, the best tree must be chosen among 1036 possible trees. In order to find the best one in a reasonable time, various hierarchical clustering techniques exist in the literature. On the other side, it is known that Self Organizing Maps (SOM) are very successful in mapping higher dimensional inputs to two dimensional output spaces (maps) without having any priori information about input patterns. In this study, SOM are used iteratively for tree inference. Two different algorithms are proposed. First one is hierarchical top-down SOM method which constructs the tree from the root to the leaves. Second one uses a bottom-up approach that infers the tree from the leaves to the root. The efficiency of Hierarchical SOM is tested in terms of tree topology. Hierarchical SOM gives better results than the most popular phylogeny methods, UPGMA and Neighbor-joining. Also this study covers possible solutions for branch length estimation problem.
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Kahvehaneden sosyal medyaya: Âşıklıkta icra yerinin evrimi ve Âşık Ruhani
(Bilkent University, 2024) Özer, Yaren; Sevindik, Ahmet Akif; Koş, Ömer Faruk; Erdem, Hilalnur; Akgül, Baran
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de âşıklık kültürü ve yayılışından başlanılarak âşıklık kültürünün aktarımında dünyadaki değişikliklere bağlı olarak icra yerlerindeki evrim tartışılmıştır. Türkiye ve özellikle Erzurum özelinde âşıklık kültürünün evrimsel süreci kahvehaneler ve sosyal medya platformları dahilinde incelenmiş ve günümüze kadar gelen bu kültürün modern dünyadaki yeri ve âşıkların dijital mecralara adaptasyonları üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak, Erzurum’daki önemli âşıklardan Âşık Ruhani’nin hayatı ve âşıklık hikayesi üzerinden âşıklık kültüründeki yeri ve evrimsel süreçteki rolü tartışılarak konu somutlaştırılmıştır. Âşık Ruhani’nin oğlu Haluk Temel ile yapılan ropörtajla kahvehanelerden sosyal medya platformlarına uzanan evrimsel süreç desteklenmiştir.
Open Access
Modeling history sensitivity and orthogonally restricting aspects
(CEUR-WS, 2018) Er, Nagehan Pala; Tekin, Özgür Aydın; Köksal, Ömer
In this paper, we describe evolution problems of typical software, concentrating on history sensitivity. We start with a basic Object-Oriented design for a simple game. Then, history sensitivity problem is introduced gradually as evolution scenarios. If two different history sensitivity concerns are semantically related, the problem of orthogonally restricting aspects occurs. We elaborate on several solution approaches, namely object-oriented design approach, aspect-oriented design approach, and composition of events and actions approach to tackle the history sensitivity evolution problems in a modular and reusable manner.
Open Access
Peirce, immediate perception, and the "New" unconscious: neuroscience and empirical psychology in support of a "Well-Known Doctrine"
(Penn State University Press, 2015) Sorrell, K.
This article defends Charles Peirce's "doctrine of immediate perception." This realistic view holds that conscious agents, due to the work of unconscious mind, directly perceive the world and often know objects, events, and persons as they truly are, independently of how we might prefer to think of them (what is known as our realist intuition). The doctrine provides a promising alternative to more recent views insisting that all experience of the world and other persons is ineluctably mediated by language, along with the categories and biases language inevitably imposes. Peirce's view is further explicated in terms of what neuroscientists now call the "new" unconscious (but to which Peirce contributed to earlier) and supported by recent work in both neuroscience and empirical psychology, especially experiments involving infants. The article supports the conclusion that, while much experience is mediated by language (often helpfully so), direct (and desirable) access to a world that informs and often surprises us persists throughout conscious experience. Copyright © 2015 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
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Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy’un çalışmaları ve Türkiye’de biyolojinin gelişimine katkıları
(Bilkent University, 2020) Kılınç, Ece; Kumdakçı, Bilge Zehra; Türkçapar, Mehmet Berk; Ekin, Yiğit; Eren, Arda
Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy özellikle evrim alanında Türkiye’de aktif araştırmalarını sürdüren ve geniş kitlelere hitap edebilen sayılı isimlerden biridir. Bu araştırma yazısında Ali Demirsoy’un proje makalelerinden, katıldığı söyleşilerden, röportajlardan, kitaplardan, mesleğiyle ilgili yayınlardan, dokümanlardan ve eski öğrencilerinden alınan bilgilerden yola çıkılarak hayatı ve Türk bilim dünyasına katkıları anlatılmıştır. İlk olarak Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy’un hayatına dair bir araştırma yapılmış, daha sonra araştırmanın odak noktası genişletilerek kendisinin biyoloji bilimine katkılarından, ana akım medya tarafından sıkça gündeme getirilen evrim ve özellikle Türkiye’de evrimin gelişmemesi üzerine fikirlerinden, son olarak da Türkiye’nin bilimsel araştırmalardaki yetersizliği ve güncel problemleri üzerine görüşlerine değinilmiştir.
Open Access
Secularization
(Routledge, 2016-09-22) Güner, S. Ş.
This article proposes three evolutionary games to study secularization. The games assume that there is a severe competition for a resource defined as the material wealth a society produces. Successful strategies emerge out of the process, become the authority, capture and allocate the resource. Individuals who prefer a heavier or lighter weight of religion within the organization of the polity respectively named as religious and secular types can become wealthier and be emulated in the population depending on their initial proportions in the population. The society can evolve into a stable division of secular and religious types or can evolve opposite directions toward secularization. Impostors who misrepresent their religious preferences can invade a population that is equally halved into religious and secular types. No evolutionary stability is reached if impostors make no mistake in misrepresenting their beliefs; otherwise secular or religious strategies become evolutionarily stable.
Open Access
Semi-analytic theory self-similar optical propagation and mode-locking using a shape-adaptive model pulse
(American Physical Society, 2014-01-21) Jirauschek, C.; Ilday, F. O.
A semianalytic theory for the pulse dynamics in similariton amplifiers and lasers is presented, based on a model pulse with adaptive shape. By changing a single parameter, this test function can be continuously tweaked between a pure Gaussian and a pure parabolic profile and can even represent sech-like pulses, the shape of a soliton. This approach allows us to describe the pulse evolution in the self-similar and other regimes of optical propagation. Employing the method of moments, the evolution equations for the characteristic pulse parameters are derived from the governing nonlinear Schrodinger or Ginzburg-Landau equation. Due to its greatly reduced complexity, this description allows for extensive parameter optimization, and can aid intuitive understanding of the dynamics. As an application of this approach, we model a soliton-similariton laser and validate the results against numerical simulations. This constitutes a semianalytic model of the soliton-similariton laser. Due to the versatility of the model pulse, it can also prove useful in other application areas.